Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell. 2006;124:783–801.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takeuchi O, Akira S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell. 2010;140:805–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu MM, Shu HB. Cytoplasmic Mechanisms of Recognition and Defense of Microbial Nucleic Acids. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2018;34:357–79.

Hu MM, Shu HB. Innate immune response to cytoplasmic DNA: mechanisms and diseases. Annu Rev Immunol. 2020;38:79–98.

Yang Q, Shu HB. Deciphering the pathways to antiviral innate immunity and inflammation. Adv Immunol. 2020;145:1–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu MM, Shu HB. Multifaceted roles of TRIM38 in innate immune and inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol. 2017;14:331–8.

Onomoto K, Onoguchi K, Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18:539–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma Z, Damania B. The cGAS-STING Defense Pathway and Its Counteraction by Viruses. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19:150–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang L, Chen H, Li C. Advances in deciphering the interactions between viral proteins of influenza A virus and host cellular proteins. Cell Insight. 2023;2:100079.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leung DW, Basler CF, Amarasinghe GK. Molecular mechanisms of viral inhibitors of RIG-I-like receptors. Trends Microbiol. 2012;20:139–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen D, Zhao YG, Zhang H. Endomembrane remodeling in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Insight. 2022;1:100031.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lockhart A, Mucida D, Parsa R. Immunity to enteric viruses. Immunity. 2022;55:800–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fu YZ, Su S, Gao YQ, Wang PP, Huang ZF, Hu MM, et al. Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein UL82 Inhibits STING-Mediated Signaling to Evade Antiviral Immunity. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;21:231–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuan Y, Fang A, Wang Z, Tian B, Zhang Y, Sui B, et al. Trim25 restricts rabies virus replication by destabilizing phosphoprotein. Cell Insight. 2022;1:100057.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gack MU, Shin YC, Joo CH, Urano T, Liang C, Sun L, et al. TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity. Nature. 2007;446:916–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wies E, Wang MK, Maharaj NP, Chen K, Zhou S, Finberg RW, et al. Dephosphorylation of the RNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5 by the phosphatase PP1 is essential for innate immune signaling. Immunity. 2013;38:437–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu LG, Wang YY, Han KJ, Li LY, Zhai Z, Shu HB. VISA is an adapter protein required for virus-triggered IFN-beta signaling. Mol Cell. 2005;19:727–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seth RB, Sun L, Ea CK, Chen ZJ. Identification and characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-kappaB and IRF 3. Cell. 2005;122:669–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawai T, Takahashi K, Sato S, Coban C, Kumar H, Kato H, et al. IPS-1, an adaptor triggering RIG-I- and Mda5-mediated type I interferon induction. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:981–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meylan E, Curran J, Hofmann K, Moradpour D, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, et al. Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus. Nature. 2005;437:1167–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hou F, Sun L, Zheng H, Skaug B, Jiang QX, Chen ZJ. MAVS forms functional prion-like aggregates to activate and propagate antiviral innate immune response. Cell. 2011;146:448–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu S, Chen J, Cai X, Wu J, Chen X, Wu YT, et al. MAVS recruits multiple ubiquitin E3 ligases to activate antiviral signaling cascades. Elife. 2013;2:e00785.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lei CQ, Zhong B, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Shu HB. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta regulates IRF3 transcription factor-mediated antiviral response via activation of the kinase TBK1. Immunity. 2010;33:878–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mao AP, Li S, Zhong B, Li Y, Yan J, Li Q, et al. Virus-triggered ubiquitination of TRAF3/6 by cIAP1/2 is essential for induction of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and cellular antiviral response. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:9470–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang YY, Liu LJ, Zhong B, Liu TT, Li Y, Yang Y, et al. WDR5 is essential for assembly of the VISA-associated signaling complex and virus-triggered IRF3 and NF-kappaB activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:815–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li S, Zheng H, Mao AP, Zhong B, Li Y, Liu Y, et al. Regulation of virus-triggered signaling by OTUB1- and OTUB2-mediated deubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. J Biol Chem. 2009;285:4291–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Hu MM, Shu HB, Li S. Death-associated protein kinase 1 is an IRF3/7-interacting protein that is involved in the cellular antiviral immune response. Cell Mol Immunol. 2014;11:245–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lian H, Zang R, Wei J, Ye W, Hu MM, Chen YD, et al. The Zinc-Finger Protein ZCCHC3 Binds RNA and Facilitates Viral RNA Sensing and Activation of the RIG-I-like Receptors. Immunity. 2018;49:438–48.e435.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yan BR, Zhou L, Hu MM, Li M, Lin H, Yang Y, et al. PKACs attenuate innate antiviral response by phosphorylating VISA and priming it for MARCH5-mediated degradation. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006648.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lei CQ, Zhang Y, Xia T, Jiang LQ, Zhong B, Shu HB. FoxO1 negatively regulates cellular antiviral response by promoting degradation of IRF3. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:12596–604.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen LT, Hu MM, Xu ZS, Liu Y, Shu HB. MSX1 Modulates RLR-Mediated Innate Antiviral Signaling by Facilitating Assembly of TBK1-Associated Complexes. J Immunol. 2016;197:199–207.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lei CQ, Zhang Y, Li M, Jiang LQ, Zhong B, Kim YH, et al. ECSIT bridges RIG-I-like receptors to VISA in signaling events of innate antiviral responses. J Innate Immun. 2015;7:153–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ran Y, Liu TT, Zhou Q, Li S, Mao AP, Li Y, et al. SENP2 negatively regulates cellular antiviral response by deSUMOylating IRF3 and conditioning it for ubiquitination and degradation. J Mol Cell Biol. 2011;3:283–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen H, Li Y, Zhang J, Ran Y, Wei J, Yang Y, et al. RAVER1 is a coactivator of MDA5-mediated cellular antiviral response. J Mol Cell Biol. 2013;5:111–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yan J, Li Q, Mao AP, Hu MM, Shu HB. TRIM4 modulates type I interferon induction and cellular antiviral response by targeting RIG-I for K63-linked ubiquitination. J Mol Cell Biol. 2014;6:154–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo WW, Li S, Li C, Zheng ZQ, Cao P, Tong Z, et al. iRhom2 is essential for innate immunity to RNA virus by antagonizing ER- and mitochondria-associated degradation of VISA. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006693.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo W, Wei J, Zhong X, Zang R, Lian H, Hu MM, et al. SNX8 modulates the innate immune response to RNA viruses by regulating the aggregation of VISA. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17:1126–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu S, Cai X, Wu J, Cong Q, Chen X, Li T, et al. Phosphorylation of innate immune adaptor proteins MAVS, STING, and TRIF induces IRF3 activation. Science. 2015;347:aaa2630.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar