Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA. 2018;68:394–424.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Colquhoun A, Arnold M, Ferlay J, Goodman K, Forman D, Soerjomataram I. Global patterns of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer incidence in 2012. Gut. 2015;64:1881–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olefson S, Moss SF. Obesity and related risk factors in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Gastric Cancer. 2015;18:23–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cancer IAFRO. IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1994;61:45–119.

Google Scholar 

Jang J, Lee S, Ko KP, Abe SK, Rahman MS, Saito E, et al. Association between body mass index and risk of gastric cancer by anatomic and histologic subtypes in over 500,000 east and southeast Asian cohort participants. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2022;31:1727–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Didelez V, Sheehan N. Mendelian randomization as an instrumental variable approach to causal inference. Stat Methods Med Res. 2007;16:309–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Butterworth AS, Thompson JR. Beyond Mendelian randomization: how to interpret evidence of shared genetic predictors. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;69:208–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sebro R, Peloso GM, Dupuis J, Risch NJ. Structured mating: patterns and implications. PLoS Genet. 2017;13: e1006655.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian randomization. JAMA. 2017;318:1925–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Staley JR, Burgess S. Semiparametric methods for estimation of a nonlinear exposure-outcome relationship using instrumental variables with application to Mendelian randomization. Genet Epidemiol. 2017;41:341–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Team PU. Pan UKBB 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 2]. Available from: https://pan.ukbb.broadinstitute.org/.

Yengo L, Sidorenko J, Kemper KE, Zheng Z, Wood AR, Weedon MN, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼700000 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet. 2018;27:3641–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sakaue S, Kanai M, Tanigawa Y, Karjalainen J, Kurki M, Koshiba S, et al. A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes. Nat Genet. 2021;53:1415–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nam K, Kim J, Lee S. Genome-wide study on 72,298 individuals in Korean biobank data for 76 traits. Cell Genom. 2022;2: 100189.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moon S, Kim YJ, Han S, Hwang MY, Shin DM, Park MY, et al. The Korea biobank array: design and identification of coding variants associated with blood biochemical traits. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Delaneau O, Marchini J, Zagury J-F. A linear complexity phasing method for thousands of genomes. Nat Methods. 2012;9:179–81.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fuchsberger C, Abecasis GR, Hinds DA. minimac2: faster genotype imputation. Bioinformatics. 2015;31:782–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sollis E, Mosaku A, Abid A, Buniello A, Cerezo M, Gil L, et al. The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog: knowledgebase and deposition resource. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51:D977–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beck T, Shorter T, Brookes AJ. GWAS Central: a comprehensive resource for the discovery and comparison of genotype and phenotype data from genome-wide association studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48:D933–40.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lawlor DA. Commentary: two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45:908.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37:658–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44:512–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40:304–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Davies NM, Thompson SG. Instrumental variable analysis with a nonlinear exposure–outcome relationship. Epidemiology. 2014;25:877.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, Wade KH, Haberland V, Baird D, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018;7: e34408.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou W, Nielsen JB, Fritsche LG, Dey R, Gabrielsen ME, Wolford BN, et al. Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies. Nat Genet. 2018;50:1335–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oscanoa J, Sivapalan L, Gadaleta E, Dayem Ullah AZ, Lemoine NR, Chelala C. SNPnexus: a web server for functional annotation of human genome sequence variation (2020 update). Nucleic Acids Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa420.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang K, Li M, Hakonarson H. ANNOVAR: functional annotation of genetic variants from high-throughput sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38: e164-e.

Article  Google Scholar 

McLaren W, Gil L, Hunt SE, Riat HS, Ritchie GR, Thormann A, et al. The ensembl variant effect predictor. Genome Biol. 2016;17:122.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jang J, Cho E-J, Hwang Y, Weiderpass E, Ahn C, Choi J, et al. Association between body mass index and gastric cancer risk according to effect modification by helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer Res Treatment. 2019;51:1107.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jang J, Wang T, Cai H, Ye F, Murphy G, Shimazu T, et al. The U-shaped association between body mass index and gastric cancer risk in the Helicobacter pylori Biomarker Cohort Consortium: a nested case–control study from eight East Asian cohort studies. Int J Cancer. 2020;147:777–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fund WCR. Body fatness and weight gain and the risk of cancer. WCRF. 2018.

Yang P, Zhou Y, Chen B, Wan HW, Jia GQ, Bai HL, et al. Overweight, obesity and gastric cancer risk: results from a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:2867–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Liu L, Wang X, Wang J, Yan Z, Cheng J, et al. Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of a population with more than ten million from 24 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22:1395–408.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin X-J, Wang C-P, Liu X-D, Yan K-K, Li S, Bao H-H, et al. Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2014;44:783–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, dos Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Smeeth L. Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults. Lancet. 2014;384:755–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fan J, Wang J, Wang S, Abnet CC, Qiao Y, Taylor PR. Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: a 30-year follow-up study in the Linxian general population trial cohort. Cancer Sci. 2017;108:1667–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Sydney: Health Communications Australia; 2000.

Honda M, Wong SL, Healy MA, Nakajima T, Watanabe M, Fukuma S, et al. Long-term trends in primary sites of gastric adenocarcinoma in Japan and the United States. J Cancer. 2017;8:1935.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pollak M. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:915–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greer KB, Thompson CL, Brenner L, Bednarchik B, Dawson D, Willis J, et al. Association of insulin and insulin-like growth factors with Barrett’s oesophagus. Gut. 2012;61:665–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed