Forsyth RJ, Raper J, Todhunter E. Routine intracranial pressure monitoring in acute coma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002043.pub3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rincon F, Mayer SA. Neurocritical care: a distinct discipline? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(2):115–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Le Roux P, Menon DK, Citerio G, et al; Neurocritical Care Society; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Consensus summary statement of the International Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on Multimodality Monitoring in Neurocritical Care: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(9):1189–209.

Stern WE. Intracranial fluid dynamics: the relationship of intracranial pressure to the Monro-Kellie doctrine and the reliability of pressure assessment. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1963;9:18–36.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eisenberg HM, Gary HE Jr, Aldrich EF, Saydjari C, Turner B, Foulkes MA, Jane JA, Marmarou A, Marshall LF, Young HF. Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury. A report from the NIH traumatic coma data bank. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:688–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toutant SM, Klauber MR, Marshall LF, Toole BM, Bowers SA, Seelig JM, et al. Absent or compressed basal cisterns on first CT scan: ominous predictors of outcome in severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1984;61(4):691–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kouvarellis AJ, Rohlwink UK, Sood V, Van Breda D, Gowen MJ, Figaji AA. The relationship between basal cisterns on CT and time-linked intracranial pressure in paediatric head injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27:1139–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holliday PO, Kelly DL, Ball M. Normal computed tomograms in acute head injury: correlation of intracranial pressure, ventricular size, and outcome. Neurosurgery. 1982;10:25.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Sullivan MG, Statham PF, Jones PA, Miller JD, Dearden NM, Piper IR, Anderson SI, Housley A, Andrews PJ, Midgley S. Role of intracranial pressure monitoring in severely head-injured patients without signs of intracranial hypertension on initial computerized tomography. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levy DI, Rekate HL, Cherny WB, Manwaring K, Moss SD, Baldwin HZ. Controlled lumbar drainage in pediatric head injury. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:453–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manet R, Schmidt EA, Vassal F, Charier D, Gergelé L. CSF lumbar drainage: a safe surgical option in refractory intracranial hypertension associated with acute posttraumatic external hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2016;122:55–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manet R, Payen JF, Guerin R, Martinez O, Hautefeuille S, Francony G, Gergelé L. Using external lumbar CSF drainage to treat communicating external hydrocephalus in adult patients after acute traumatic or non-traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir. 2017;159(10):2003–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sahuquillo J, Biestro A, Mena MP, Amorós S, Lung M, Poca MA, De Nadal M, Báguena M, Panzardo H, Mira JM, Garnacho A, Lobato RD. First tier measures in the treatment of intracranial hypertension in the patient with severe craniocerebral trauma. Proposal and justification of a protocol. Neurocirugia. 2002;13(2):78–100.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer M, Sohm F, Thomé C, Ortler M. Refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury: proposal for a novel score to assess the safety of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Surg Neurol Int. 2017;8:265–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maas AI, Harrison-Felix CL, Menon D, et al. Standardizing data collection in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28(2):177–87.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR, Van Berkum CM, Eisenberg H, Jane JA, Luerssen TG, Marmarou A, Foulkes MA. The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography. J Neurotrauma. 1992;9:S287–92.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robba C, Goffi A, Geeraerts T, Cardim D, Via G, Czosnyka M, Park S, Sarwal A, Padayachy L, Rasulo F, Citerio G. Brain ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications. A narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(7):913–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nabeta HW, Bahr NC, Rhein J, Fossland N, Kiragga AN, Meya DB, Dunlop SJ, Boulware DR. Accuracy of noninvasive intraocular pressure or optic nerve sheath diameter measurements for predicting elevated intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningitis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1(3):ofu093.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chesnut RM. Intracranial pressure. In: Le Roux PD, Levine JM, Kofke WA, editors. Monitoring in neurocritical care. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2013. p. 338–47.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Stocchetti N, Le Roux P, Vespa P, et al. Clinical review: neuromonitoring—an update. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):201.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kishore PR, Lipper MH, Becker DP, Domingues da Silva AA, Narayan RK. Significance of CT in head injury: correlation with intracranial pressure. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137:829–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teasdale E, Cardoso E, Galbraith S, Teasdale G. CT scan in severe diffuse head injury: physiological and clinical correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:600–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lobato RD, Alen JF, Pérez-Nuñez A, Alday R, Gómez PA, Pascual B, Lagares A, Arrese I, Kaen A. Utilidad de la TAC secuencial y la monitorización de la presión intracraneal para detectar nuevo efecto de masa intracraneal en pacientes con traumatismo craneal grave y lesión inicial Tipo I-II. Neurocirugía. 2005;16:217–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huh P-W, Yoo D-S, Cho K-S, Park C-K, Kang S-G, Park Y-S, Kim D-S, Kim M-C. Diagnostic method for differentiating external hydrocephalus from simple subdural hygroma. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(1):65–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gergelé L, Manet R, Kolias A, Czosnyka M, Lalou A, Smielewski P, Hutchinson PJ, Czosnyka ZH. External hydrocephalus after traumatic brain injury: retrospective study of 102 patients. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2021;131:35–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sainz LV, Zipfel J, Kerscher SR, Weichselbaum A, Bevot A. Schuhmann MU Cerebro-venous hypertension: a frequent cause of so-called “external hydrocephalus” in infants. Childs Nerv Syst. 2019;35(2):251–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rekate HL, Nadkarni TD, Wallace D. The importance of the cortical subarachnoid space in understanding hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008;2:1–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu X, Richard SA, Xiangdong X, Lirong Z, Min W. Intracranial cerebrospinal fluid volume evaluation in healthy people and hydrocephalus patients using SPACE sequence. Curr Med Imaging. 2021;17(7):878–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rekate HL. Hyperemic hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;5:17–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Denning DW, Armstrong RW, Lewis BH, Stevens DA. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressures in patients with cryptococcal meningitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1991;91:267–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirano A, Zimmerman HM, Levine S. The fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation. Ill. Extracellular spread of cryptococcal polysaccharides in the acute stage. Am J Pathol. 1964;45:1–19.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grille P, Salle F, Biestro A. Drenaje lumbar externo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Actualización y guía de manejo clínico. Rev Méd Urug. 2020;36(4):401–10.

Google Scholar 

Hawryluk GWJ, Aguilera S, Buki A, Bulger E, Citerio G, et al. A management algorithm for patients with intracranial pressure monitoring: the Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference (SIBICC). Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(12):1783–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Llompart-Pou JA, Abadal JM, Pérez-Bárcena J, Molina M, Brell M, Ibáñez J, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with post-traumatic refractory high intracranial pressure treated with lumbar drainage. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39(1):79–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akil H. The treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension and its control by means of external lumbar drainage (ELD). J Trauma. 2007;63(3):720–1.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abadal-Centellas JM, Llompart-Pou JA, Homar-Ramírez J, Pérez-Bárcena J, Rosselló-Ferrer A, Ibáñez-Juvé J. Neurologic outcome of posttraumatic refractory intracranial hypertension treated with external lumbar drainage. J Trauma. 2007;62(2):282–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tuettenberg J, Czabanka M, Horn P, Woitzik J, Barth M, Thomé C, et al. Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage for the treatment of refractory increased intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(6):1200–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murad A, Ghostine S, Colohan ART. Controlled lumbar drainage in medically refractory increased intracranial pressure. A safe and effective treatment. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;102:89–91.

Article  PubMed