Martini, A. et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 8, 5 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petty, R. E. et al. International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J. Rheumatol. 31, 390–392 (2004).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spiegel, L. R. et al. Early predictors of poor functional outcome in systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 2402–2409 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nigrovic, P. A. et al. Biological classification of childhood arthritis: roadmap to a molecular nomenclature. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 17, 257–269 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kessel, C., Hedrich, C. M. & Foell, D. Innately adaptive or truly autoimmune: is there something unique about systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis? Arthritis Rheumatol. 72, 210–219 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kessel, C. et al. Proinflammatory cytokine environments can drive interleukin-17 overexpression by γ/δ T cells in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 69, 1480–1494 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henderson, L. A. et al. Th17 reprogramming of T cells in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JCI Insight 5, e132508 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuehn, J. et al. Aberrant naive CD4-positive T cell differentiation in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis committed to B cell help. Arthritis Rheumatol. 75, 826–841 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vastert, S. J. et al. Effectiveness of first-line treatment with recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in steroid-naive patients with new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results of a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66, 1034–1043 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hinze, C. H. et al. Practice and consensus-based strategies in diagnosing and managing systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Germany. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 16, 7 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeWitt, E. M. et al. Consensus treatment plans for new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 64, 1001–1010 (2012).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Martini, A. et al. Toward new classification criteria for juvenile idiopathic arthritis: first steps, Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization International Consensus. J. Rheumatol. 46, 190–197 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sengler, C. et al. The majority of newly diagnosed patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis reach an inactive disease state within the first year of specialised care: data from a German inception cohort. RMD Open 1, e000074 (2015).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guzman, J. et al. The outcomes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children managed with contemporary treatments: results from the ReACCh-Out cohort. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 1854–1860 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yasin, S. & Schulert, G. S. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome: update on pathogenesis and treatment. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 30, 514–520 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adebajo, A. O. & Hall, M. A. The use of intravenous pulsed methylprednisolone in the treatment of systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. 37, 1240–1242 (1998).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Benedetti, F. et al. Randomized trial of tocilizumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 367, 2385–2395 (2012).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruperto, N. et al. Two randomized trials of canakinumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 367, 2396–2406 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ter Haar, N. M. et al. Treatment to target using recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as first-line monotherapy in new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from a five-year follow-up study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 71, 1163–1173 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ruperto, N. et al. Canakinumab in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and active systemic features: results from the 5-year long-term extension of the phase III pivotal trials. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 77, 1710–1719 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klotsche, J. et al. Outcome and trends in treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the German National Pediatric Rheumatologic Database, 2000-2013. Arthritis Rheumatol. 68, 3023–3034 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pardeo, M. et al. Early treatment and IL1RN single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect response to anakinra in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 73, 1053–1061 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quartier, P. et al. A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (ANAJIS trial). Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 747–754 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ilowite, N. T. et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of rilonacept in the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66, 2570–2579 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Onel, K. B. et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: therapeutic approaches for oligoarthritis, temporomandibular joint arthritis, and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 74, 553–569 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peterson, R. G., Xiao, R., Katcoff, H., Fisher, B. T. & Weiss, P. F. Effect of first-line biologic initiation on glucocorticoid exposure in children hospitalized with new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: emulation of a pragmatic trial using observational data. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 19, 109 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beukelman, T. et al. First-line options for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis treatment: an observational study of Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Consensus Treatment Plans. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 20, 113 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brunner, H. I. et al. Subcutaneous golimumab for children with active polyarticular-course juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results of a multicentre, double-blind, randomised-withdrawal trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 77, 21–29 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giannini, E. H. et al. Methotrexate in resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Results of the U.S.A.-U.S.S.R. double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group and The Cooperative Children’s Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 326, 1043–1049 (1992).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lovell, D. J. et al. Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 763–769 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lovell, D. J. et al. Adalimumab with or without methotrexate in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 810–820 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silverman, E. et al. Leflunomide or methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1655–1666 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruperto, N. et al. Abatacept in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal trial. Lancet 372, 383–391 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woo, P. et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of low-dose oral methotrexate in children with extended oligoarticular or systemic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 1849–1857 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silverman, E. D. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group. J. Rheumatol. 21, 2353–2358 (1994).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lehman, T. J. et al. Thalidomide for severe systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter study. J. Pediatr. 145, 856–857 (2004).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maksimov, A. A., Shaĭkov, A. V., Speranskiĭ, A. I. & Solov’ev, S. K. Pulse therapy with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: the results of an open, parallel, controlled, randomized, 12-month study [Russian]. Ter. Arkh. 64, 47–51 (1992).

CAS  PubMed