Travison T, Araujo A, O’Donnell A, Kupelian V, McKinlay J. A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:196–202.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lokeshwar S, Patel P, Fantus R, Halpern J, Chang C, Kargi A, et al. Decline in serum testosterone levels among adolescent and young adult men in the USA. Eur Urol Focus 2021;7:886–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mulligan T, Frick M, Zuraw Q, Stemhagen A, McWhirter C. Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study. Int J Clin Pr. 2006;60:762–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang C, Jackson G, Jones H, Matsumoto A, Nehra A, Perelman M, et al. Low Testosterone Associated with Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome Contributes to Sexual Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Men With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1669–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelly D, Jones T. Testosterone and obesity. Obes Rev. 2015;16:581–606.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gibb F, Strachan M. Androgen deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Biochem. 2014;47:940–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rastrelli G, Filippi S, Sforza A, Maggi M, Corona G. Metabolic syndrome in male hypogonadism. Front Horm Res. 2018;49:131–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahern T, Wu F. New horizons in testosterone and the ageing male. Age Ageing. 2015;44:188–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mazur A, Westerman R, Mueller M. Is rising obesity causing a secular (age-independent) decline in testosterone among American men? Plos One. 2013;8:e76178.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jensen TK, Swan S, Jørgensen N, Toppari J, Redmon B, Punab M, et al. Alcohol and male reproductive health: a cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA. Hum Reprod. 2014;29:1801–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao J, Yue J, Leung Y, Lin S, Schooling M. Cigarette smoking and testosterone in men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Prev Med. 2016;85:1–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumagai H, Yoshikawa T, Zempo-Miyaki A, Myoenzono K, Tsujimoto T, Tanaka K, et al. Vigorous physical activity is associated with regular aerobic exercise-induced increased serum testosterone levels in overweight/obese men. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50:73–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumagai H, Zempo-Miyaki A, Yoshikawa T, Tsujimoto T, Tanaka K, Maeda S. Increased physical activity has a greater effect than reduced energy intake on lifestyle modification-induced increases in testosterone. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2016;58:84–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whittaker J, Wu K. Low-fat diets and testosterone in men: Systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2021;210:105878.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whittaker J. Dietary trends and the decline in male reproductive health. Hormones 2023;22:165–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Fahimi S, Lim S, Andrews K, et al. Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys. BMJ. 2014;348:g2272.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eslamian G, Amirjannati N, Rashidkhani B, Sadeghi M-R, Hekmatdoost A. Intake of food groups and idiopathic asthenozoospermia: A case-control study. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:3328–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen T, Heitmann B, Jensen M, Halldorsson T, Andersson A-M, Skakkebæk N, et al. High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;97:411–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Volek J, Gmez A, Love D, Avery N, Sharman M, Kraemer W. Effects of a high-fat diet on postabsorptive and postprandial testosterone responses to a fat-rich meal. Metabolism 2001;50:1351–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fantus R, Halpern J, Chang C, Keeter M, Bennett N, Helfand B, et al. The association between popular diets and serum testosterone among men in the United States. J Urol. 2020;203:398–404.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allen N, Appleby P, Davey G, Key T. Lifestyle and nutritional determinants of bioavailable androgens and related hormones in British men. Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13:353–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Relationships between types of fat consumed and serum estrogen and androgen concentrations in Japanese men. Nutr Cancer. 2000;38:163–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mínguez-Alarcón L, Chavarro J, Mendiola J, Roca M, Tanrikut C, Vioque J, et al. Fatty acid intake in relation to reproductive hormones and testicular volume among young healthy men. Asian J Androl. 2017;19:184–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Catalfo G, de Alaniz M, Marra C. Dietary lipids modify redox homeostasis and steroidogenic status in rat testis. Nutr. 2008;24:717–26.

Article  Google Scholar 

Catalfo G, de Alaniz M, Marra C. Influence of commercial dietary oils on lipid composition and testosterone production in interstitial cells isolated from rat testis. Lipids 2009;44:345–57.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pearce K, Tremellen K. The Effect of Macronutrients on Reproductive Hormones in Overweight and Obese Men: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2019;14:3059.

Article  Google Scholar 

Derouiche A, Jafri A, Driouch I, Khasmi El, Adlouni A, Benajiba N. et al. Effect of argan and olive oil consumption on the hormonal profile of androgens among healthy adult Moroccan men. Nat Prod Commun. 2013;8:51–53.

Hughes G, Ringer T, Watts K, DeLoof M, Francom S, Spillers C. Fish oil produces an atherogenic lipid profile in hypertensive men. Atherosclerosis 1990;84:229–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giltay E, Geleijnse J, Heijboer A, de Goede J, Oude Griep L, Blankenstein M. et al. No effects of n−3 fatty acid supplementation on serum total testosterone levels in older men: the Alpha Omega Trial. Int J Androl. 2012;35:680–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grossmann M. Low Testosterone in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: Significance and Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:2341–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kloner R, Carson C 3rd, Dobs A, Kopecky S, Mohler ER 3rd. Testosterone and Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;9:545–57.

Article  Google Scholar 

Salonen J, Nyyssönen K, Korpela H, Tuomilehto J, Seppänen R, Salonen R. High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation 1992;86:803–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lakka T, Venäläinen J, Rauramaa R, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen J. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl J Med. 1994;330:1549–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wheeler M. The Determination of Bio-Available Testosterone. Ann Clin Biochem. 1995;32:345–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Willett W. Nutritional epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.

Virtanen J, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP, Voutilainen S. Dietary fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34:2679–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Key T, Roe L, Thorogood M, Moore J, Clark G, Wang D. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, calculated free testosterone and oestradiol in male vegans and omnivores. Br J Nutr. 1990;64:111–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopez D, Wulaningsih W, Tsilidis K, Baillargeon J, Williams S, Urban R, et al. Environment-wide association study to comprehensively test and validate associations between nutrition and lifestyle factors and testosterone deficiency: NHANES 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Hormones. 2020;19:205–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suzuki R, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Key TJ, Dossus L, Tjønneland A, et al. Lifestyle factors and serum androgens among 636 middle-aged men from seven countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20:811–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roberts M, Iosia M, Kerksick C, Taylor L, Campbell B, Wilborn C, et al. Effects of arachidonic acid supplementation on training adaptations in resistance-trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007;4:1–13.

Artic