Asarnow JR, Chung B. Editorial: COVID-19: lessons learned for suicide prevention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;62(8):919–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai W, Cai H, Liu S, Chen X, Sha S, Cheung T, et al. Anxiety and depressive symptoms in college students during the late stage of the COVID-19 outbreak: a network approach. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):638.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barendse MEA, Flannery J, Cavanagh C, Aristizabal M, Becker SP, Berger E, et al. Longitudinal change in adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Res Adolesc. 2023;33(1):74–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bethell C, Jones J, Gombojav N, Linkenbach J, Sege R. Positive childhood experiences and adult mental and relational health in a statewide sample: associations across adverse childhood experiences levels. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(11):e193007.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1982;52(4):664.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyce WT, Essex MJ, Woodward HR, Measelle JR, Ablow JC, Kupfer DJ. The confluence of mental, physical, social, and academic difficulties in middle childhood. I: exploring the “head waters” of early life morbidities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(5):580–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao FL, Su LY, Cheng PX. Reliability and validity of the mood and feelings questionnaire in chinese adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2009;17(4):440–2.

Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adolescent and School Health: YRBSS Questionnaire. 2013. www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/questionnaires.htm. Accessed 28 Mar 2022

Costello EJ, Angold A. Scales to assess child and adolescent depression: checklists, screens, and nets. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1988;27(6):726–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duffy ME, Twenge JM, Joiner TE. Trends in mood and anxiety symptoms and suicide-related outcomes among U.S. undergraduates, 2007–2018: evidence from two national surveys. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(5):590–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fellmeth G, Rose-Clarke K, Zhao C, Busert LK, Zheng Y, Massazza A, et al. Health impacts of parental migration on left-behind children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;392(10164):2567–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gee DG. Early adversity and development: parsing heterogeneity and identifying pathways of risk and resilience. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178(11):998–1013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):547–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Humphreys KL. Future directions in the study and treatment of parent-child separation. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2019;48(1):166–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin TC, Adserà A. Son preference and children’s housework: the case of India. Popul Res Policy Rev. 2013;32(4):553–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Z, Yu L, Zheng X. No longer left-behind: the impact of return migrant parents on children’s performance. China Econ Rev. 2018;49:184–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Meade J. Mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents: a review of the current research. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2021;68(5):945–59.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martínez P, Gloger S, Dagnino P, de Medina DD. Early adverse stress and depression severity: A pilot exploration of mediating psychological mechanisms. Dev Psychopathol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579423000688.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Méndez Leal AS, Silvers JA. Neurobiological markers of resilience to early-life adversity during adolescence. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021;6(2):238–47.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;25:6–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moya A, Serneels P, Desrosiers A, Reyes V, Torres MJ, Lieberman A. The COVID-19 pandemic and maternal mental health in a fragile and conflict-affected setting in Tumaco, Colombia: a cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(8):e1068–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Connor RC, Wetherall K, Cleare S, McClelland H, Melson AJ, Niedzwiedz CL, et al. Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. Br J Psychiatry. 2021;218(6):326–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pierce M, McManus S, Hope H, Hotopf M, Ford T, Hatch SL, et al. Mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent class trajectory analysis using longitudinal UK data. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(7):610–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Racine N, Korczak DJ, Madigan S. Evidence suggests children are being left behind in COVID-19 mental health research. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31(9):1479–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Romeo RD. The metamorphosis of adolescent hormonal stress reactivity: a focus on animal models. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2018;49:43–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saunders NR, Kurdyak P, Stukel TA, Strauss R, Fu L, Guan J, Fiksenbaum L, et al. Utilization of physician-based mental health care services among children and adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(4):e216298.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sisk CL, Romeo RD. Coming of age: The neurobiology and psychobiology of puberty and adolescence. New York, NY: Oxford University; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Thorisdottir IE, Asgeirsdottir BB, Kristjansson AL, Valdimarsdottir HB, Jonsdottir Tolgyes EM, Sigfusson J, et al. Depressive symptoms, mental wellbeing, and substance use among adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(8):663–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Bureau of Statistics of China and National Bureau of Statistics of China. Population status of children in China in 2015.UNICEF China. 2017. https://www.unicef.cn/en/reports/population-status-children-china-2015. Accessed 28 Mar 2022.

Von Soest T, Kozák M, Rodríguez-Cano R, Fluit DH, Cortés-García L, Ulset VS, et al. Adolescents’ psychosocial well-being one year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Nat Hum Behav. 2022;6(2):217–28.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vowels LM, Vowels MJ, Carnelley KB, Millings A, Gibson-Miller J. Toward a causal link between attachment styles and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Clin Psychol. 2023;62(3):605–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wan Y, Chen R, Ma S, McFeeters D, Sun Y, Hao J, Tao F. Associations of adverse childhood experiences and social support with self-injurious behaviour and suicidality in adolescents. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;214(3):146–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Liu W, Wang W, Lin S, Lin D, Wang H. Left-behind children’s social adjustment and relationship with parental coping with children’s negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Int J Psychol. 2021;56(4):512–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang D, Zhao J, Ross B, Ma Z, Zhang J, Fan F, Liu X. Longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19 lockdown in China. J Affect Disord. 2022;299:628–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wheelock MD, Goodman AM, Harnett NG, Wood KH, Mrug S, Granger DA, Knight DC. Sex-related differences in stress reactivity and cingulum white matter. Neuroscience. 2021;459:118–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wood A, Kroll L, Moore A, Harrington R. Properties of the mood and feelings questionnaire in adolescent psychiatric outpatients: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1995;36(2):327–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yard E, Radhakrishnan L, Ballesteros MF, Sheppard M, Gates A, Stein Z, et al. Emergency department visits for suspected suicide attempts among persons aged 12–25 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, January 2019-May 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(24):888–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zaninotto P, Iob E, Demakakos P, Steptoe A. Immediate and longer-term changes in the mental health and well-being of older adults in England during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Psychiat. 2022;79(2):151–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Zhang D, Fang J, Wan Y, Tao F, Sun Y. Assessment of mental health of chinese primary school students before and after school closing and opening during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2021482.

Article