Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Graaf S, Otten RHJ, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA (2018) Do final-year medical students have sufficient prescribing competencies? A systematic literature review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 84(4):615–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13491

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Schutte T, Benemei S, Bottiger Y, Chamontin B, Christiaens T, Likic R, Ma iulaitis R, Marandi T, Monteiro EC, Papaioannidou P, Pers YM, Pontes C, Raskovic A, Regenthal R, Sanz EJ, Tamba BI, Wilson K, Vries T, Richir MC, Agtmael MV, Working Group Research on CPTEotEAfCP, Therapeutics (2017) Essential competencies in prescribing: a first european cross-sectional study among 895 final-year medical students. Clin Pharmacol Ther 101(2):281–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.521

Article  Google Scholar 

Donker EM, Brinkman DJ, van Rosse F, Janssen B, Knol W, Dumont G, Jorens PG, Dupont A, Christiaens T, van Smeden J, de Waard-Siebinga I, Peeters LEJ, Goorden R, Hessel M, Lissenberg-Witte B, Richir M, van Agtmael MA, Kramers C, Tichelaar J (2022) Do we become better prescribers after graduation: a 1-year international follow-up study among junior doctors. Br J Clin Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15443

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dornan T, Ashcroft D, Heathfield H, Lewis P, Miles J, Taylor D, Yully M, Was V (2009) An in depth investigation into causes of prescribing errors by foundation trainees in relation to their medical education. EQUIP study. In: ed

Ryan C, Ross S, Davey P, Duncan EM, Francis JJ, Fielding S, Johnston M, Ker J, Lee AJ, MacLeod MJ, Maxwell S, McKay GA, McLay JS, Webb DJ, Bond C (2014) Prevalence and causes of prescribing errors: the PRescribing Outcomes for Trainee Doctors Engaged in Clinical Training (PROTECT) study. PLoS ONE 9(1):e79802. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079802

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ashcroft DM, Lewis PJ, Tully MP, Farragher TM, Taylor D, Wass V, Williams SD, Dornan T (2015) Prevalence, nature, severity and risk factors for prescribing errors in hospital inpatients: prospective study in 20 UK hospitals. Drug Saf 38(9):833–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-015-0320-x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dean B, Schachter M, Vincent C, Barber N (2002) Causes of prescribing errors in hospital inpatients: a prospective study. Lancet 359(9315):1373–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08350-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leendertse AJ, Egberts AC, Stoker LJ, van den Bemt PM, Group HS (2008) Frequency of and risk factors for preventable medication-related hospital admissions in the Netherlands. Arch Intern Med 168(17):1890–1896. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2008.3

Article  Google Scholar 

Coleman JJ, Samer C, Zeitlinger M, van Agtmael M, Rongen GA, Marquet P, Simon T, Singer D, Manolopoulos VG, Böttiger Y (2019) The European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics-25 years’ young and going strong. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 75(6):743–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-019-02690-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kramers C, Janssen BJ, Knol W, Hessel MHM, Mulder WM, Dumont G, Maassen van den Brink A, Tichelaar J (2017) A licence to prescribe. Br J Clin Pharmacol 83(8):1860–1861. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13257

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wormald BW, Schoeman S, Somasunderam A, Penn M (2009) Assessment drives learning: an unavoidable truth? Anat Sci Educ 2(5):199–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.102

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wood T (2009) Assessment not only drives learning, it may also help learning. Med Educ 43(1):5–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03237.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donker EM, Brinkman DJ, Richir MC, Papaioannidou P, Likic R, Sanz EJ, Christiaens T, Costa JN, De Ponti F, Böttiger Y, Kramers C, van Agtmael MA, Tichelaar J (2022) The European Prescribing Exam: assessing whether European medical students can prescribe rationally and safely. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 78(6):1049–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03301-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maxwell SRJ, Cameron IT, Webb DJ (2015) Prescribing safety: ensuring that new graduates are prepared. Lancet 385(9968):579–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62339-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maxwell SRJ, Coleman JJ, Bollington L, Taylor C, Webb DJ (2017) Prescribing Safety Assessment 2016: delivery of a national prescribing assessment to 7343 UK final-year medical students. Br J Clin Pharmacol 83(10):2249–2258. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13319

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jansen DRM, Keijsers C, Kornelissen MO, Olde Rikkert MGM, Kramers C (2019) Towards a “prescribing license” for medical students: development and quality evaluation of an assessment for safe prescribing. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-019-02686-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brinkman DJ, Monteiro T, Monteiro EC, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA, Tichelaar J (2021) Switching from a traditional undergraduate programme in (clinical) pharmacology and therapeutics to a problem-based learning programme. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 77(3):421–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-020-03027-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization (2001) Teacher’s guide to good prescribing Hans V Hogerzeil (editor) ... [et al.]. In: ed. World Health Organization

Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Schutte T, Benemei S, Bottiger Y, Chamontin B, Christiaens T, Likic R, Ma iulaitis R, Marandi T, Monteiro EC, Papaioannidou P, Pers YM, Pontes C, Raskovic A, Regenthal R, Sanz EJ, Tamba BI, Wilson K, Vries T, Richir MC, Agtmael MV (2017) Essential competencies in prescribing: a first european cross-sectional study among 895 final-year medical students. Clin Pharmacol Ther 101(2):281–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.521

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tichelaar J, van Kan C, van Unen RJ, Schneider AJ, van Agtmael MA, de Vries TP, Richir MC (2015) The effect of different levels of realism of context learning on the prescribing competencies of medical students during the clinical clerkship in internal medicine: an exploratory study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 71(2):237–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-014-1790-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Okorie M, Bissell L, Christiaens T, Likic R, Maciulaitis R, Costa J, Sanz EJ, Tamba BI, Maxwell SR, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA (2017) Pharmacology and therapeutics education in the european union needs harmonization and modernization: a cross-sectional survey among 185 medical schools in 27 countries. Clin Pharmacol Ther 102(5):815–822. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.682

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Mokkink LB, Christiaens T, Likic R, Maciulaitis R, Costa J, Sanz EJ, Maxwell SR, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA, Education Working Group of the European Association for Clinical P, Therapeutics, its affiliated Network of Teachers in P (2018) Key learning outcomes for clinical pharmacology and therapeutics education in Europe: a modified Delphi study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 104(2):317–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.962

Article  Google Scholar 

Maxwell SR, Cascorbi I, Orme M, Webb DJ (2007) Educating European (junior) doctors for safe prescribing. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 101(6):395–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00141.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Vleuten CP, Schuwirth LW, Driessen EW, Dijkstra J, Tigelaar D, Baartman LK, van Tartwijk J (2012) A model for programmatic assessment fit for purpose. Med Teach 34(3):205–214. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159x.2012.652239

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schuwirth L, van der Vleuten C (2004) Merging views on assessment. Med Educ 38(12):1208–1210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.02055.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epstein RM (2007) Assessment in medical education. N Engl J Med 356(4):387–396. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra054784

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abu-Zaid A (2013) Formative assessments in medical education: a medical graduate’s perspective. Perspect Med Educ 2(5–6):358–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-013-0089-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maxwell SR, Cascorbi I, Orme M, Webb DJ, Joint BPSEWGoSP (2007) Educating European (junior) doctors for safe prescribing. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 101(6):395–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00141.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harding S, Britten N, Bristow D (2010) The performance of junior doctors in applying clinical pharmacology knowledge and prescribing skills to standardized clinical cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 69(6):598–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03645.x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Starmer K, Sinnott M, Shaban R, Donegan E, Kapitzke D (2013) Blind prescribing: a study of junior doctors’ prescribing preparedness in an Australian emergency department. Emerg Med Australas 25(2):147–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12061

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Custers EJ, Ten Cate OT (2011) Very long-term retention of basic science knowledge in doctors after graduation. Med Educ 45(4):422–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03889.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar