National Center for Education Statistics. Percentage of children from birth through age 5 and not yet in kindergarten participating in weekly nonparental care and the mean number of hours per week that children spend in current primary weekly nonparental care arrangements with relative, nonrelative, or center-based provider, by child and family characteristics: 2016 https://nces.ed.gov/nhes/tables/ECPP_HoursPerWeek_Care.asp#:~:text=Among%20all%20children%20from%20birth,scheduled%20weekly%20nonparental%20care%20arrangement.: Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics; 2016.

Willis LM. The Role of Tribal Child Care Programs Serving Children from Birth to Age Five. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska-Lincoln; 2009.

Google Scholar 

Smith L, Rosen S. Righting a wrong: advancing equity in child care funding for American Indian and Alaska Native families. Bipartisan Policy Center; 2022.

Marker D, Fraser A, Viet SM, Bailey M, Anderson G. First National Environmental Health Survey of Child Care Centers. Volume III: Design and Methodology. Final Report. Rockville, MD: Westat; July 15, 2003.

Marker D, Rogers J, Fraser A, Viet SM. First National Environmental Health Survey of Child Care Centers. Volume I: Analysis of Lead Hazards. Final Report. Rockville, MD: Westat; July 15, 2003.

Rogers J. First National Environmental Health Survey of Child Care Centers. Volume IV: Data File Documentation. Final Report. Rockville, MD: Westat; July 15, 2003.

Viet SM, Rogers J, Marker D, Fraser A, Bailey M. First National Environmental Health Survey of Child Care Centers. Volume II: Analysis of Allergen Levels on Floors. Final Report. Rockville, MD: Westat; July 15, 2003.

Tulve NS, Jones PA, Nishioka MG, Fortmann RC, Croghan CW, Zhou JY, et al. Pesticide measurements from the First National Environmental Health Survey of Child Care Centers using a multi-residue GC/MS analysis method. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40:6269–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Viet SM, Rogers J, Marker D, Fraser A, Friedman W, Jacobs D, et al. Lead, allergen, and pesticide levels in licensed child care centers in the United States. J Environ Health. 2013;76:8–15.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morgan MK, Sheldon LS, Croghan CW, Jones PA, Chuang JC, Wilson NK. An observational study of 127 preschool children at their homes and daycare centers in Ohio: environmental pathways to cis- and trans-permethrin exposure. Environ Res. 2007;104:266–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morgan MK, Sheldon LS, Croghan CW, Jones PA, Robertson GL, Chuang JC, et al. Exposures of preschool children to chlorpyrifos and its degradation product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in their everyday environments. J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2005;15:297–309.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Morgan MK, Wilson NK, Chuang JC. Exposures of 129 preschool children to organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and acid herbicides at their homes and daycares in North Carolina. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11:3743–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Lyu C, Menton R, Morgan MK. Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home. J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2003;13:187–202.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Haugland T, Ottesen RT, Volden T. Lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soil from day care centres in the city of Bergen, Norway. Environ Pollut. 2008;153:266–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Lyu C. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in several child day care centers. J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2001;11:449–58.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Harrad S, Goosey E, Desborough J, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Roosens L, Covaci A. Dust from U.K. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young U.K. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44:4198–202.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Brien HT, Blanchet R, Gagne D, Lauziere J, Vezina C, Vaissiere E, et al. Exposure to toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants in Inuit children attending childcare centers in Nunavik, Canada. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46:4614–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wu Y, Romanak K, Bruton T, Blum A, Venier M. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in paired dust and carpets from childcare centers. Chemosphere. 2020;251.

Zheng G, Boor BE, Schreder E, Salamova A. Indoor exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the childcare environment. Environmental Pollution. 2020;258.

Weismann DN, Dusdieker LB, Cherryholmes KL, Hausler WJ, Dungy CI. Elevated environmental lead levels in a day care setting. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:878–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Durkee J, Bartrem C, Moller G. Legacy lead arsenate soil contamination at childcare centers in the Yakima Valley, Central Washington, USA. Chemosphere. 2017;168:1126–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Button CE. Soil lead contamination at child day care centers in the greater Cincinnati area. Environmentalist. 2008;28:69–75.

Article  Google Scholar 

Marshall MJ, Weislogel JM, Gerstenberger SL. Potential lead hazards in pre-1978 childcare facilities in Southern Nevada. Cogent Environ Sci. 2017;3:1415627.

Article  Google Scholar 

Orlova AO, Bannon DI, Farfel MR, Thomas VM, Aleschukin V, Kudashov VV, et al. Pilot study of sources of lead exposure in Moscow, Russia. Environ Geochem Health. 1995;17:200–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

John J, Oosthuizen R, Webb E, Voyi K, Ijsselmuiden C. Our children in day care: reducing exposure to environmental lead at day care centres. South Afr J Sci. 2004;100:135–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Fernandez R, Morales F, Benzo Z. Lead exposure in day care centres in the Caracas Valley - Venezuela. Int J Environ Health Res. 2003;13:3–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berglund M, Lind B, Sorensen S, Vahter M. Impact of soil and dust lead on children’s blood lead in contaminated areas of Sweden. Arch Environ Health. 2000;55:93–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aclan G, Aninon D, Burgos S, Cayco A, Rosario RD, Cruz KD, et al. Determination of lead in soil and plants and risk assessment of its effects among preschool children in daycare center in Manila, Philippines. Int Proc Chem, Biol Environ Eng (IPCBEE). 2012;44:29–33.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Washington State Department of Health. Environmental Lead Survey in Public and Private Schools, Preschools, and Day Care Centers. Olympia, WA; 1995.

Canha N, Mandin C, Ramalho O, Wyart G, Riberon J, Dassonville C, et al. Exposure assessment of allergens and metals in settled dust in French nursery and elementary schools. Atmosphere. 2015;6:1676–94.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Salo PM, Sever ML, Zeldin DC. Indoor allergens in school and day care environments. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:185–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zuraimi MS, Ong TC, Tham KW, Chew FT. Determinants of indoor allergens in tropical child care centers. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:746–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sander I, Lotz A, Neumann HD, Czibor C, Flagge A, Zahradnik E, et al. Indoor allergen levels in settled airborne dust are higher in day-care centers than at home. Allergy: Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;73:1263–75.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arbes SJ, Sever M, Mehta J, Collette N, Thomas B, Zeldin DC. Exposure to indoor allergens in day-care facilities: results from 2 North Carolina counties. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:133–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Chew FT, Soh SY, Yi FC, Law SY, Goh DYT, et al. Prevalence and distribution of indoor allergens in Singapore. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27:876–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rullo VEV, Rizzo MC, Arruda LK, Sole D, Naspitz CK. Daycare centers and schools as sources of exposure to mites, cockroach, and endotoxin in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:582–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dornelas de Andrade A, Charpin D, Birnbaum J, Lanteaume A, Chapman M, Vervloet D. Indoor allergen levels in day nurseries. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95:1158–63.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fernandez-Caldas E, Codina R, Ledford DK, Trudeau WL, Lockey RF. House dust mite, cat, and cockroach allergen concentrations in daycare centers in Tampa, Florida. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87:196–200.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aronoff D, Ledford D, Schou C, Fernandezcaldas E, Trudeau W, Lockey R. House dust mite and cockroach allergen concentrations in daycare centers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83:197.

Google Scholar 

Gross M, Collins M, Goldfarb J, Cloutier MM. Allergen levels in child care centers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:S358–S.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tranter DC, Wobbema AT, Norlien K, Dorschner DF. Indoor allergens in Minnesota schools and child care centers. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2009;6:582–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Munir AKM, Einarsson R, Dreborg SKG. Mite (Der p 1, Der f 1), cat (Fel d 1) and dog (Can f 1) allergens in dust from Swedish day-care centres. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995;25:119–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gulbahar O, Korkmaz M, Erdem N, Gokmen NM, Sin AZ, Ardeniz O, et al. An important source for cat and house dust mite allergens: day-care centers. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2012;32:750–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cyprowski M, Buczynska A, Szadkowska-Stanczyk I. Indoor allergens in settled dust from kindergartens in city of Lodz, Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2013;26:890–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Instanes C, Hetland G, Berntsen S, Lovik M, Nafstad P. Allergens and endotoxin in settled dust from day-care centers and schools in Oslo, Norway. Indoor Air. 2005;15:356–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engelhart S, Bieber T, Exner M. House dust mite allergen levels in German day-care centers. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2002;205:453–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Custovic A, Green R, Taggart SCO, Smith A, Pickering CAC, Chapman MD, et al. Domestic allergens in public places II: dog (Can f 1) and cockroach (Bla g 2) allergens in dust and mite, cat, dog and cockroach allergens in the air in public buildings. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26:1246–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cai G-H, Malarstig B, Kumlin A, Johan