•• Hiemstra LA, Kerslake S, Lafave MR. Quality-of-life outcomes of patients following patellofemoral stabilization surgery: the influence of trochlear dysplasia. J Knee Surg. 2017;30(9):887–93. This paper is the first to follow patients with trochlear dysplasia after MPFL reconstruction, using a disease-specific quality of life measure, to determine the threshold at which patients have poorer outcomes with trochlear dysplasia.

Fithian DC, Paxton EW, Stone ML, Silva P, Davis DK, Elias DA, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of acute patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(5):1114–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hiemstra LA, Kerslake SA, Lafave MR. Influence of risky pathoanatomy and demographic factors on clinical outcomes after isolated medial matellofemoral ligament reconstruction: a regression analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(12):2904–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu JN, Brady JM, Kalbian IL, Strickland SM, Ryan CB, Nguyen JT, et al. Clinical outcomes after isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for patellar instability among patients with trochlear dysplasia. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(4):883–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fitzpatrick CK, Steensen RN, Tumuluri A, Trinh T, Bentley J, Rullkoetter PJ. Computational analysis of factors contributing to patellar dislocation. J Orthop Res. 2016;34(3):444–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oye CR, Holen KJ, Foss OA. Mapping of the femoral trochlea in a newborn population: an ultrasonographic study. Acta Radiol. 2015;56(2):234–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glard Y, Jouve JL, Garron E, Adalian P, Tardieu C, Bollini G. Anatomic study of femoral patellar groove in fetus. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(3):305–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dejour H, Walch G, Nove-Josserand L, Guier C. Factors of patellar instability: an anatomic radiographic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2(1):19–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Haver A, De Roo K, De Beule M, Labey L, De Baets P, Dejour D, Claessens T, Verdonk P. The effect of trochlear dysplasia on patellofemoral biomechanics: a cadaveric study with simulated trochlear deformities. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(6):1354–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515572143.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Kaiser D, Trummler L, Götschi T, Waibel FWA, Snedeker JG, Fucentese SF. Patellofemoral instability in trochleodysplastic knee joints and the quantitative influence of simulated trochleoplasty - a finite element simulation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2021;81:105216. This study evaluates patellofemoral instability and the effects of trochleoplasty using a quasi-static finite model. Using MRI, the researchers created a validated model that was able to quantify the force required to lateralize a patella in models with Type B trochlear dysplasia.

Dejour D, Saggin P. The sulcus deepening trochleoplasty-the Lyon’s procedure. Int Orthop. 2010;34(2):311–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carstensen SE, Menzer HM, Diduch DR. Patellar instability: when is trochleoplasty necessary? Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2017;25(2):92–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lippacher S, Dejour D, Elsharkawi M, Dornacher D, Ring C, Dreyhaupt J, et al. Observer agreement on the Dejour trochlear dysplasia classification: a comparison of true lateral radiographs and axial magnetic resonance images. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(4):837–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nelitz M, Lippacher S, Reichel H, Dornacher D. Evaluation of trochlear dysplasia using MRI: correlation between the classification system of Dejour and objective parameters of trochlear dysplasia. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(1):120–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nacey NC, Fox MG, Luce BN, Boatman DM, Diduch DR. Assessing femoral trochlear morphologic features on cross-sectional imaging before trochleoplasty: Dejour classification versus quantitative measurement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(2):458–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biedert R, Sigg A, Gal I, Gerber H. 3D representation of the surface topography of normal and dysplastic trochlea using MRI. Knee. 2011;18(5):340–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Ferlic PW, Runer A, Seeber C, Thöni M, Spicher A, Liebensteiner MC. Linear anterior-posterior computed tomography parameters used to quantify trochlear dysplasia are more reliable than angular measurements. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(4):1204–11. This study indicates low reliability of the angular parameters used to quantify trochlear morphology in comparison to linear measurements, as well as lower reliability in patients with PFI.

Albee F. Bone graft wedge in the treatment of habitual dislocation of the patella. Med Rec. 1915;88:257–9.

Google Scholar 

Masse Y. [Trochleoplasty. Restoration of the intercondylar groove in subluxations and dislocations of the patella]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1978;64(1):3–17.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schottle PB, Fucentese SF, Pfirrmann C, Bereiter H, Romero J. Trochleaplasty for patellar instability due to trochlear dysplasia: a minimum 2-year clinical and radiological follow-up of 19 knees. Acta Orthop. 2005;76(5):693–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blond L, Schottle PB. The arthroscopic deepening trochleoplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(4):480–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camathias C, Speth BM, Rutz E, Schlemmer T, Papp K, Vavken P, et al. Solitary trochleoplasty for treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2018;8(2): e11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Davies MR, Allahabadi S, Diab TE, Freshman RD, Pandya NK, Feeley BT, et al. Sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty as an isolated or combined treatment strategy for patellar instability and trochlear dysplasia: a systematic review. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020;2(5):e661–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balcarek P, Rehn S, Howells NR, Eldridge JD, Kita K, Dejour D, et al. Results of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction compared with trochleoplasty plus individual extensor apparatus balancing in patellar instability caused by severe trochlear dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(12):3869–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hiemstra LA, Peterson D, Youssef M, Soliman J, Banfield L, Ayeni OR. Trochleoplasty provides good clinical outcomes and an acceptable complication profile in both short and long-term follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27(9):2967–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leclerc JT, Dartus J, Labreuche J, Martinot P, Galmiche R, Migaud H, et al. Complications and outcomes of trochleoplasty for patellofemoral instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 1000 trochleoplasties. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2021;10:103035.

Article  Google Scholar 

Testa EA, Camathias C, Amsler F, Henle P, Friederich NF, Hirschmann MT. Surgical treatment of patellofemoral instability using trochleoplasty or MPFL reconstruction: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(8):2309–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song GY, Hong L, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li X, Li Y, et al. Trochleoplasty versus nontrochleoplasty procedures in treating patellar instability caused by severe trochlear dysplasia. Arthroscopy. 2014;30(4):523–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Sambeeck JDP, van de Groes SAW, Verdonschot N, Hannink G. Trochleoplasty procedures show complication rates similar to other patellar-stabilizing procedures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(9):2841–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Longo UG, Vincenzo C, Mannering N, Ciuffreda M, Salvatore G, Berton A, et al. Trochleoplasty techniques provide good clinical results in patients with trochlear dysplasia. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(9):2640–58.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zaffagnini S, Previtali D, Tamborini S, Pagliazzi G, Filardo G, Candrian C. Recurrent patellar dislocations: trochleoplasty improves the results of medial patellofemoral ligament surgery only in severe trochlear dysplasia. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27(11):3599–613. Meta-analysis indicating that isolated MPFL reconstruction is as effective as MPFL reconstruction combined with trochleoplasty in the setting of moderate trochlear dysplasia. However, in the setting of severe trochlear dysplasia, combined trochleoplasty with MPFL reconstruction leads to lower redislocation rates.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan CMP, Zhu Y, Guo L, Loh SYJ. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with and without trochleoplasty for patients with patella instability-correlation of trochlear dysplasia and patient outcome, classification and outcome measure in the past decade-a systematic review. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2022;32(4):595–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-021-03030-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stupay KL, Swart E, Shubin Stein BE. Widespread implementation of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar instability maintains functional outcomes at midterm to long-term follow-up while decreasing complication rates: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(7):1372–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.12.029.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hiemstra LA, Kerslake S, O’Brien CL, Lafave MR. Accuracy and learning curve of femoral tunnel placement in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2017;30(9):879–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Hiemstra LA, Page JL, Kerslake S. Patient-reported outcome measures for patellofemoral instability: a critical review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2019;12(2):124–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-019-09537-7. A review of the available patient-reported outcome measures for patellofemoral instability including an assessment of their strengths and weaknesses in this patient population.

•• Lafave MR, Hiemstra L, Kerslake S. Factor analysis and item reduction of the Banff Patella Instability Instrument (BPII): introduction of BPII 2.0. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(8):2081–6. The only disease-specific patient-reported outcome measure for patellofemoral instability.

• Smith TO, Donell ST, Clark A, Chester R, Cross J, Kader DF, et al. The development, validation and internal consistency of the Norwich Patellar Instability (NPI) score. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(2):324–35. A disease-specific physical symptom score for patients with patellofemoral instability.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, et al. The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Qual Life Res. 2010;19(4):539–49.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prinsen CAC, Mokkink LB, Bouter LM, Alonso J, Patrick DL, de Vet HCW, et al. COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1147–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wagner D, Pfalzer F, Hingelbaum S, Huth J, Mauch F, Bauer G. The influence of risk factors on clinical outcomes following anatomical medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction using the gracilis tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(2):318–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hopper GP, Leach WJ, Rooney BP, Walker CR, Blyth MJ. Does degree of trochlear dysplasia and position of femoral tunnel influence outcome after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction? Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(3):716–22.

Article  PubMed