We describe here four cases of patients born without any coronary artery connecting connected to the aorta (Figure 1).

Case 1: a male infant was diagnosed with aortic coarctation and perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD). Left ventricular dysfunction appeared four months after coarctation repair and pulmonary artery banding. Heart catheterization showed no coronary artery in the aorta and a single coronary artery connected to the right pulmonary artery.

Case 2: a female neonate born with multiples VSD and aortic coarctation died during coarctation repair. At autopsy, there were no epicardial coronary arteries except a short segment in the posterior atrioventricular sulcus. Two small dimples were seen in aortic root. No proximal coronary artery connected to the aorta or the pulmonary arteries. Several intramyocardial arterial vessels of different sizes were detected, without any communication with the ventricles.

Case 3: a male neonate was born with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Cardiac angiography revealed multiple coronary-ventricular fistulae and no coronary arteries from the aorta. Autopsy confirmed 1) absence of epicardial coronary arteries except a very short segment of left anterior descending and small fistulous apical segments 2) two large coronary-ventricular fistulas. There were no coronary ostia within the aorta or the pulmonary tree.

Case 4: a coronarography revealed a single coronary artery originating from the left ventricle just below the aortic valve in a 64-year old with syncope at exercise. Surgical reimplantation was performed with success.

Those exceptional coronary malformations have a poor prognosis and are often diagnosed at autopsy. Total absence of epicardial coronary arteries, described only once in the literature, leads us to reconsider current knowledge of human coronary artery development.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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