*Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health

†Department of Finance, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

‡Division of Health Care Delivery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

Research reported in this publication was funded by the American Cancer Society (RSGI-17-154-01-CPHPS, PI: Karaca-Mandic).

J.C. is an employee at Health Care Cost Institute for work unrelated to this manuscript and a doctoral candidate at the Division of Health Policy and Management at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health. Dr P.K.M. serves as a consultant to Koya Medical and Mayo Clinic for unrelated work and holds an executive position and equity in Xanthos Health, which is developing health information technology applications in social drivers of health unrelated to this work M.M.J. reports unrelated grant funding from the US Food and Drug Administration, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Jessica Chang, MA, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail: [email protected].

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