An inclusive study of recent advancements in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has emerged as one of the most serious ailments affecting the modern world. The rapid advancement of medical science has resulted in an increase in life expectancy and thus shifted the focus to degenerative and progressive diseases that worsen with age (Prince et al., 2013). One of them, dementia, affects 35.6 million people worldwide, with 7.7 million new cases being diagnosed every year (Pardo-Moreno et al., 2022). Alzheimer's has constantly been a frontrunner in neuroscientific research. Analyzing intervals of two years beginning from 2013, the number of research papers published that study AD has consistently been upwards of 15,000 (Google Scholar data). The drugs designed to target AD are being improved rapidly, with the United States granting approval to lecanemab for usage on January 6, 2023 (Mahase, 2023). Previously also, the drugs available for AD have been constantly updated and modified in accordance with the results of clinical trials, with aducanumab being approved for use in 2021 (Gandini et al., 2022). Research has also been successful in pinpointing more accurately the pathophysiology behind Alzheimer's thus allowing for theories to be refined frequently. As the search for possible causative agents for AD has intensified, there has also been an increased interest in looking towards lifestyle factors and dietary habits for answers. The gut microbiota-brain axis which is the bidirectional communication pathway between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has, as of late, been theorized to contribute to the AD aetiology and pathogenesis in some way (Ma et al., 2019) (Sun et al., 2020). There is also an element of genetic predisposition in the development of AD. There exist four known genes that cause familial forms of the disease (Schachter and Davis, 2000). With regards to the development of AD, we have substantial evidence that support our hypothesis of Aβ being the peptide of concern. The most convincing evidence in this regard comes from the study of patients with the early-onset, inherited form (Masters et al., 2015). One cannot hope to fully unravel Alzheimer's by only focussing on a single aspect. In order to understand a disease as diverse and expansive as this, it must be studied in its entirety (Fig. 1). Our study aims to focus on not only the clinical aspects of AD, but also the mental and lifestyle impact it has on the patients and their caregivers.

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