Ya-Lie Ku, MSN, RN, is associate professor, Department of Nursing/College of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.

Min-Hua Tang, MSN, RN, is head nurse, Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Branch, Taiwan.

Shu-Ming Chen, PhD, RN, is associate professor, Department of Nursing/College of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Wen-Ying Kuo, MSN, is nurse supervisor, Nursing Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Branch, Taiwan.

Kuo-Tung Huang, BS, is chief physician, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Branch, Taiwan.

Fooyin University (grant FYU1300-109-04) and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Branch (grant 202000359B0) supported this study.

This research was approved by the institutional review board in a southern medical center in Taiwan (202000359B0).

The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationship with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Ya-Lie Ku, MSN, RN, College of Nursing/Department of Nursing, Fooyin University, No. 151, Jinxue Rd, Daliao District, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan, Republic of China ([email protected]).