Tiuman TS, Santos AO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV. Recent advances in leishmaniasis treatment. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15:525–32.

Article  Google Scholar 

Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative. Leishmaniasis—Disease fact sheet. 2018. Available from: https://www.dndi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Factsheet2018_Leishmaniasis.pdf.

World Health Organization: WHO. Leishmaniasis fact sheet. (2021). Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis. Accessed 15 Nov 2022.

Wamai RG, Kahn J, McGloin J, Ziaggi G. Visceral leishmaniasis: a global overview. J Glob Health Sci. 2020;2(Suppl 1):e3.

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization: WHO. Leishmaniasis Ethiopia profile-2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Accessed 12 November 2022.

Google Scholar 

Leta S, Dao THT, Mesele F, Alemayehu G. Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: an evolving disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3131.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gadisa E, Tsegaw T, Abera A, Elnaiem D, den Boer M, Aseffa A, et al. Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Paras Vect. 2015;8:381.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, et al. Leishmaniasisworldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e35671.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marlet MV, Sang DK, Ritmeijer K, Muga RO, Onsongo J, Davidson RN. Emergence or re-emergence of visceral leishmaniasis in areas of Somalia, north eastern Kenya, and south eastern Ethiopia in 2000–2001. Trans R SocTrop Med Hyg. 2003;97:515–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Medicines Sans Frontiers. Perception of kala-azar among pokot communities in Amudat, Uganda. Switzerland: Final report by Epicenter and MSF; 2002. pp. 348–9.

Google Scholar 

Alebie G, Worku A, Yohannes S, Urga B, Hailu A, Tadesse D. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Shebelle Zone of Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:209.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsegaw T, Gadisa E, Seid A, Abera A, Teshome A, Mulugeta A, et al. Identification of environmental parameters and risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia by using geographical information systems and a statistical approach. Geospat Health. 2013;7(2):299–308.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yared S, Deribe K, Gebreselassie A, Lemma W, Akililu E, Kirstein OD, et al. Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:470.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bsrat A, Berhe M, Gadissa E, Taddele H, Tekle Y, Hagos Y, et al. Serological investigation of visceral Leishmania infection in humans and its associated risk factors in Welkait District, Western Tigrai, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2018;3(1):13–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aklilu E, Gebresilassie A, Yared S, Legesse B, Hailu A. Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Ethiopia: review. Heliyon. 2023;9(3):14344.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hailu A, Balkew M, Berhe N, Meredith S, Gemetchu T. Is Phelotomus (Larroussius) orientalis a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in southwest Ethiopia? Acta Trop. 1995;60:15–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gebre-Michael T, Lane R. The roles of Phlebotomus martini and P. celiae (Diptera: Phiebotominae) as vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in the Aba-Roba focus, southern Ethiopia. Med Vet Entomol. 1996;10:53–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirstein OD, Skrip L, Abassi I, Iungman T, Horwitz BZ, Gebresilassie A, et al. A fine scale eco-epidemiological study on endemic visceral leishmaniasis in north ethiopian villages. Acta Trop. 2018;183:64–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gebresilassie A, Yared S, Aklilu E. Sandfly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini in the lowland foci of visceral leishmaniasis in somali Regional State, southeast Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2020;13(1):31–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Central Statistical Agency. CSA. The 2007 National Census report for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency; 2008.

Google Scholar 

Thrusfield M. Veterinary epidemiology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2005.

Google Scholar 

Hailu A, Berhe N. The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis among Ethiopian patients with HIV co-infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002;96:25–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abonnenc E, Minter DM. Bilingual keys for the identification of thesandflies of the Ethiopian Region (in Fr. And Eng). Cah Off Rech Sci TechOutre-Mer Entomol Med (Ser Entomol Med Parasitol). 1965;5:1–63.

Google Scholar 

Lemma W, Tekie H, Yared S, Balkew M, Gebre-Michael T, Warburg A, et al. Sero-prevalence of Leishmania donovani infection in labour migrants and entomological risk factors in extra-domestic habitats of Kafta-Humera lowlands–kala-azar endemic areas in the northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):99.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tadese D, Hailu A, Bekele F, Belay S. An epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in North East Ethiopia using serological and leishmanin skin tests. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(12):e0225083.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bejano S, Shumie G, Kumar A, Asemahagn E, Damte D, Sinkinesh Woldie S, et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis in human and dog, Benishangul Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sordo L, Gadisa E, Custodio E, Cruz I, Simón F, Abraham Z, Moreno, et al. Low prevalence of Leishmania infection in post-epidemic areas of Libo Kemkem, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86(6):955–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bantie K, Tessema F, Massa D, Tafere Y. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis infection in North Gondar zone, Amhara region, North West Ethiopia, case control study. Sci J Publ Health. 2014;2(6):560–8.

Google Scholar 

Nyungura JL, Nyambati VC, Muita M, Muchiri E. Risk factors for the transmission of kala-azar in Fangak, South Sudan. SSMJ. 2011;4(2):26–9.

Google Scholar 

Akter S, Alam MZ, Islam MT, Mondal MMH. Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis and cattle as a possible reservoir host at Trishal Upazila in Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Agril Univ. 2012;10(1):79–86.

Article  Google Scholar 

Perry DK, Dixon R, Garlapati A, Gendernalik D, Poche R. Visceral leishmaniasis prevalence and associated risk factors in the saran district of Bihar, India, from 2009 to July of 201. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88:778–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN, Das ML, Hightower A, Thakur GD, Bista MB. Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;63:184–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh SP, Hasker E, Picado A, Gidwani K, Malaviya P, Singh RP, et al. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in India: further evidence on the role of domestic animals. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(Suppl 2):29–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bashaye S, Nombela N, Argaw D, Mulugeta A, Herrero M, Nieto J, et al. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81(1):34–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uranw S, Hasker E, Roy L, Meheus F, Das ML, Bhattarai NR, et al. An outbreak investigation of visceral leishmaniasis among residents of Dharan town, eastern Nepal, evidence for urban transmission of Leishmania donovani. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alemu A, Alemu A, Esmael N, Dessie Y, Hamdu K, Mathewos B, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices related to visceral leishmaniasis among residents in Addis Zemen town, South Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:382.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berhe M, Bsrat A, Taddele H, Gadissa E, Hagos Y, Tekle Y, et al. Knowledge attitude and practice towards visceral leishmaniasis among residents and health professionals in Welkait district, western Tigray. J Trop Dis. 2018;6(1):4–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aliye M, Hong T. Role of health extension workers in the relationship between vector control interventions and malaria in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1140.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Devipriya JS, Gupta AK, Veeri RB, Garapati P, Kumar R, Dhingra S, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices towards visceral leishmaniasis among HIV patients: a cross-sectional study from Bihar, India. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(8):e0256239.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gebresilassie A, Kirstein OD, Yared S, Aklilu E, Moncaz A, Tekie H, et al. Species composition of phlebotomine sand flies and bionomics of Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Tahtay Adiyabo district, Northern Ethiopia  Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:248.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yared S, Gebresilassie A, Akililu E, Deribe K, Balkew M, Warburg A, et al. Diversity and altitudinal distribution of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of northwest Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2017;176:1–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elnaiem DA, Ward RD, Hassan HK, Miles MA, Frame LA. Infection rates of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus orientalis from a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1998;92:229–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elnaiem DE. Ecology and control of the sand fly vectors of Leishmania donovani in East Africa, with special emphasis on Phlebotomus orientalis. J Vector Ecol. 2011;36(Suppl 1):23–S31.