Marieswaran M, Jain I, Garg B, Sharma V, Kalyanasundaram D. A review on biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament and materials for reconstruction. Appl Bionics Biomech. 2018;2018:4657824. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/465782.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Büyükafşar E, Başar S, Kanatli U. Proprioception following the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with tibialis anterior tendon allograft. J Knee Surg. 2020;33(7):722–7. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1684010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rybak MJ, Abate BJ, Kang SL, Ruffing MJ, Lerner SA, Drusano GL. Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(7):1549–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yazdi H, Kwon JY, Nazarian A, Hafezi P, Ghorbanhoseini M. Staged anatomical reconstruction of MCL using Achilles’ allograft, a modification to Marx’s technique. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol. 2016;1(2):6–40.

Google Scholar 

Yazdi H, Torkaman A, Ghahramani M, Moradi A, Nazarian A, Ghorbanhoseini M. Short term results of anterior cruciate ligament augmentation in professional and amateur athletes. J Orthop Traumatol. 2017;18(2):171–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abram SGF, Price AJ, Judge A, Beard DJ. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and meniscal repair rates have both increased in the past 20 years in England: hospital statistics from 1997 to 2017. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:286–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

The Swedish Knee Ligament Register Annual Report 2018. Accessed August 16, 2020. https://aclregister.nu/media/uploads/Annual%20reports/annual_report_swedish_acl_registry_2018.pd.

Alsubaie SF, Abdelbasset WK, Alkathiry AA, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns and their relationship to fatigue and physical fitness levels–a cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2021;100(1):e24171.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reijman M, Eggerding V, van Es E, et al. Early surgical reconstruction versus rehabilitation with elective delayed reconstruction for patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture: COMPARE randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2021;372–375

Kursumovic K, Charalambous CP. Graft salvage following infected anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Joint J. 2016;98(5):608–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kraus Schmitz J, Lindgren V, Edman G, et al. Risk factors for septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a nationwide analysis of 26,014 ACL reconstructions. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(7):1769–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546521993812. This study highlights the risk factors for septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction.

Cadet ER, Makhni EC, Mehran N, Schulz BM. Management of septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of current practices and recommendations. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2013;21(11):647–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ouzopoulos G, Fotopoulos VC, Tzurbakis M. Septic knee arthritis following ACL reconstruction: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(9):1033–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-009-0793-1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Calvo R, Figueroa D, Anastasiadis Z, Vaisman A, Olid A, Gili F, Valderrama JJ, De La Fuente P. Septic arthritis in ACL reconstruction surgery with hamstring autografts. Eleven Years Exp Knee. 2014;21(3):717–20.

Google Scholar 

Sonnery-Cottet B, Archbold P, Zayni R, Bortolletto J, Thaunat M, Prost T, et al. Prevalence of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction among professional athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(11):2371–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511417567.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Torres-Claramunt R, Pelfort X, Erquicia J, Gil-González S, Gelber PE, Puig L, et al. Knee joint infection after ACL reconstruction: prevalence, management, and functional outcomes. Knee Surg Sports Traumato Arthrosc. 2013;21(12):2844–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-012-2264-3.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gobbi A, Karnatzikos G, Chaurasia S, Abhishek M, Bulgherhoni E, Lane J. Postoperative infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Health. 2016;8(2):187–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makhni EC, Steinhaus ME, Mehran N, Schulz BS, Ahmad CS. Functional outcome, and graft retention in patients with septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(7):1392–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.12.02624.18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barker JU, Drakos MC, Maak TG, Warren RF, Williams RJ 3rd, Allen AA. Effect of graft selection on the incidence of postoperative infection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:281–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katz LM, Battaglia TC, Patino P, Reichmann W, Hunter DJ, Richmond JC. A retrospec-tive comparison of the incidence of bacterial infection following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:1330–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim YM, Joo YB. Clinical presentation of staphylococcus epidermidis septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2012;24(1):46–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Judd MAJD, Bottoni LTCC, Kim D, Burke CPTM, Hooker MAJS. Infections following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:375–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2005.12.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eriksson K, Karlsson J. Local vancomycin in ACL reconstruction: a modern rationale for morbidity prevention and patient safety. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:2721–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samonis G, Koutserimpas C, Vrioni G, Martinez EK, Kouloumentas P, Alpan-taki K, Saroglou G. Fungal septic knee arthritis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Diagnostics. 2021;11:1975.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gamarra S, Chaves M, Cabeza M, Macedo D, Leonardelli F, Franco D, Boleas M, Garcia-Effron G. Mucormycosis outbreak due to Rhizopus microsporus after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery evaluated by RAPD and MALDI-TOF Mass spectrometry. J Mycol Med. 2018;28:617–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao D, Liang G, Pan J, et al. Risk factors for postoperative surgical site infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57:118–28. This study provides the risk factors for surgical site infection after ACL reconstruction.

El-Kady R-H, Guindy AMFE. Septic arthritis complicating arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an experience from a tertiary-care hospital. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:3779–89. This study provides the independent risk factors for septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction with respect to the experience of a tertiary -care hospital.

Marom N, Kapadia M, Nguyen JT, et al. Factors associated with an intra-articular infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a large single-institution cohort study. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50(5):1229–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465221078311. This study provides some of the risk factors for septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction.

Crawford C, Kainer M, Jernigan D, Banerjee S, Friedman C, Ahmed F, Archi-bald LK. Investigation of postoperative allograft-associated infections in patients who underwent musculoskeletal allograft implantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:195–200.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenberg DD, Robertson M, Vallurupalli S, White RA, Allen WC. Allograft compared with autograft infection rates in primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2010;92:2402–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hantes ME, Basdekis GK, Varitimidis SE, Giotikas D, Petinaki E, Malizos KN. Autograft contamination during preparation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:760–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Prieto D, Portillo ME, Monllau JC. Contamination occurs during ACL graft harvesting and manipulation, but it can be easily eradicated. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26:558–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-01.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vertullo CJ, Quick M, Jones A, Grayson JE. A surgical technique using presoaked vancomycin hamstring grafts to decrease the risk of infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2012;28(3):337–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scollin-Borg M, Michaelsson K, Rahme H. Presentation, outcome, and cause of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case control study. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:941–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Barbara K, Alan I, Goran V, et al. Knee infection following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cohort study of one thousand, eight hundred and ninety-one patients from the single-centre database. Int Orthopaedics (SICOT). 2020;44:869–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-020-04500-5. This study emphasizes the place of prompt treatment with repeated arthroscopic irrigation and debridement and a course of antibiotic therapy in helping with graft retention for post ACL knee sepsis.

Costa GG, Grassi A, Presti ML, Cialdella S, Zamparini E, Viale P, Filardo G, Zaffagnini S. White blood cell count is the most reliable test for diagnosis of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament re-construction: an observational study of 38 patients. Arthroscopy. 2021;37:1522–30. This study stated WBC count to be the most reliable diagnostic tool for septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction.

Yazdi H, Gomrokchi AY, Nazarian A, Lechtig A, Hanna P, Ghorbanhoseini M. The effect of gentamycin in the irrigating solution to prevent joint infection after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2019;7(1):67–74. This study provides for the effectiveness of gentamycin irrigation in preventing septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction.

Paci JM, Schweizer SK, Wilbur DM, et al. Results of Laboratory Evaluation of acute knee effusion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: what is found in patients with a noninfected, painful postoperative knee? Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(11):2267–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510374573.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paci JM. Editorial Commentary: Synovial fluid white blood cell is the gold standard to detect infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: don’t hesitate to aspirate. Arthros: J Arthros Related Surg. 2021; 37(5): 1531–1533.ISSN 0749–8063, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2020.12.221. This study provides the evidence that synovial fluod WBC count is the gold standard laboratory test to detect infection after ACL reconstruction.

Gächter A. Arthroscopic lavage for joint infections. Orthop Traumatol. 1993;2(2):104–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang C, Lee YHD, Siebold R. Recommendations for the management of septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;22:2136–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Indelli PF, Dillingham M, Fanton G, Schurman DJ. Septic arthritis in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;398:182–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Saper M, Stephenson K, Heisey M. Arthroscopic irrigation and debridement in the treatment of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2014;30:747–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matava MJ, Evans TA, Wright RW, Shively RA. Septic arthritis of the knee following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: results of a survey of sports medicine fellowship directors. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:717–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Prieto D, Trampuz A, Torres-Claramunt R, Portillo ME, Puig-Verdié L, Monllau JC. Infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: which antibiotic after arthroscopic debridement? J of knee Surg. 2017;30:309–11.

Google Scholar 

Schrenzel J, Harbarth S, Schockmel G, et al. Swiss Staphylococcal Study Group A randomized clinical trial to compare fleroxacinrifampicin with flucloxacillin or vancomycin for the treatment of staphylococcal infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(9):1285–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed