DGPPN e. V. (Hrsg.) für die Leitliniengruppe: S3-Leitlinie Schizophrenie. Kurzfassung, 2019, Version 1.0, zuletzt geändert am 15. März 2019,. https://www.dgppn.de/_Resources/Persistent/43ca38d4b003b8150b856df48211df68e412d9c9/038-009k_S3_Schizophrenie_2019-03.pdf.
Frogley C, Taylor D, DIckens G, Picchioni M. A systematic review of the evidence of clozapine’s anti-aggressive effects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15(9):1351–71.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Asenjo Lobos C, Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Hunger H, Schmid F, Schwarz S, Leucht S. Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006633.pub2.
Badwal K, Kiliaki SA, Dugani SB, Pagali SR. Psychosis management in Lewy body dementia: a comprehensive clinical approach. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2022;35(3):255–61.
The Parkinson Study Group. Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(10):757–63.
Tiihonen J, Haukka J, Taylor M, Haddad PM, Patel MX, Korhonen P. A nationwide cohort study of oral and depot antipsychotics after first hospitalization for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(6):603–9.
Masuda T, Misawa F, Takase M, Kane JM, Correll CU. Association with hospitalization and all-cause discontinuation among patients with schizophrenia on clozapine vs other oral second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta–analysis of cohort studies. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(10):1052–62.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tiihonen J, Lönnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Niskanen L, Tanskanen A, Haukka J. 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet. 2009;374(9690):620–7.
Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Mehtälä J, Vattulainen P, Correll CU, Tiihonen J. 20-year follow-up study of physical morbidity and mortality in relationship to antipsychotic treatment in a nationwide cohort of 62,250 patients with schizophrenia (FIN20). World Psychiatry. 2020;19(1):61–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Daod E, Krivoy A, Shoval G, Zubedat S, Lally J, Vadas L, Weizman A, Reshef A, Bloch B. Psychiatrists’ attitude towards the use of clozapine in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia: a nationwide survey. Psychiatry Res. 2019;275:155–61.
Thien K, O’Donoghue B. Delays and barriers to the commencement of clozapine in eligible people with a psychotic disorder: a literature review. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2019;13(1):18–23.
Whiskey E, Barnard A, Oloyede E, Dzahini O, Taylor DM, Shergill SS. An evaluation of the variation and underuse of clozapine in the United Kingdom. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021;143(4):339–47.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bachmann CJ, Aagaard L, Bernardo M, Brandt L, Cartabia M, Clavenna A, Coma Fusté A, Furu K, Garuoliené K, Hoffmann F, Hollingworth S, Huybrechts KF, Kalverdijk LJ, Kawakami K, Kieler H, Kinoshita T, López SC, Machado-Alba JE, Machado-Duque ME, Mahesri M, Nishtala PS, Piovani D, Reutfors J, Saastamoinen LK, Sato I, Schuiling-Veninga CCM, Shyu YC, Siskind D, Skurtveit S, Verdoux H, Wang LJ, Zara Yahni C, Zoëga H, Taylor D. International trends in clozapine use: a study in 17 countries. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136(1):37–51.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Xu SW, Dong M, Zhang Q, Yang SY, Chen LY, Sim K, He YL, Chiu HF, Sartorius N, Tan CH, Chong MY, Shinfuku N, Lin SK, Ng CH, Ungvari GS, Najoan E, Kallivayalil RA, Jamaluddin R, Javed A, Iida H, Swe T, Zhang B, Xiang YT. Clozapine prescription pattern in patients with schizophrenia in Asia: the REAP survey. Psychiatry Res. 2016;287:112271.
Cetin M. Clozaphobia: fear of prescribers of clozapine for treatment of schizophrenia. Klinik Psikofarmakol Bulteni. 2014;24(4):295–301.
Farooq S, Choudry A, Cohen D, Naeem F, Ayub M. Barriers to using clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: systematic review. BJPsych Bull. 2019;43(1):8–16.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gee SH, Shergill SS, Taylor DM. Patient attitudes to clozapine initiation. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;32(6):337–42.
Singh B, Hughes AJ, Roerig JL. Comfort Level and barriers to the appropriate use of clozapine: a preliminary survey of US psychiatric residents. Acad Psychiatry. 2020;44(1):53–8.
Beck K, McCutcheon R, Bloomfield MA, Gaughran F, Reis Marques T, MacCabe J, Selvaraj S, Taylor D. The practical management of refractory schizophrenia—the Maudsley treatment review and assessment team service approach. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130(6):427–38.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Correll CU, Agid O, Crespo-Facorro B, de Bartolomeis A, Fagiolini A, Seppälä N, Howes OD. A guideline and checklist for initiating and managing clozapine treatment in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2022;36(7):659–79.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Berger SJ. Sicherheitsaspekte bei der Behandlung mit Clozapin. Innsbruck: Medizinische Universität; 2022. Diplomarbeit.
De Leon J, Sanz EJ, De Las Cuevas C. Data from the world health organization’s pharmacovigilance database supports the prominent role of pneumonia in mortality associated with clozapine adverse drug reactions. Schizophr Bull. 2020;46(1):1–3.
Rohde C, Siskind D, de Leon J, Nielsen J. Antipsychotic medication exposure, clozapine, and pneumonia: results from a self-controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020;142(2):78–86.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJ, Birnbaum ML, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(3):216–29.
Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, Kisely S. Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(5):385–92.
Cicala G, Barbieri MA, Spina E, de Leon J. A comprehensive review of swallowing difficulties and dysphagia associated with antipsychotics in adults. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019;12(3):219–34.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
de Leon J, Ruan CJ, Schoretsanitis G, De Las Cuevas C. A rational use of clozapine based on adverse drug reactions, pharmacokinetics, and clinical pharmacopsychology. Psychother Psychosom. 2020;89(4):200–14.
Ruan CJ, Zang YN, Cheng YH, Wang CY, de Leon J. Around 3 % of 1,300 levels were elevated during infections in a retrospective review of 131 Beijing hospital in-patients with more than 24,000 days of clozapine treatment. Psychother Psychosom. 2020;89(4):255–7.
Myles N, Myles H, Xia S, Large M, Kisely S, Galletly C, et al. Meta-analysis examining the epidemiology of clozapine-associated neutropenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018;138(2):101–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Demler TL, Morabito NE, Meyer CE, Opler L. Maximizing clozapine utilization while minimizing blood dyscrasias: evaluation of patient demographics and severity of events. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;31(2):76–83.
Andreou A, Jayaram J, Walker A, Tek C, Williams JC. Re-examining the utility and validity of benign ethnic neutropenia: a narrative literature review. Schizophr Res. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.009.
Ronaldson KJ. Cardiovascular disease in clozapine-treated patients: evidence, mechanisms and management. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(9):777–95.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
de Leon J, Schoretsanitis G, Smith RL, Molden E, Solismaa A, Seppälä N, et al. An international adult guideline for making clozapine titration safer by using six ancestry-based personalized dosing titrations, CRP, and clozapine levels. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2022;55(2):73–86.
Magnani JW, Dec GW. Myocarditis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment. Circulation. 2006;113(6):876–90.
Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, Taylor AJ, Topliss DJ, Wolfe R, McNeil JJ. Rapid clozapine dose titration and concomitant sodium valproate increase the risk of myocarditis with clozapine: a case-control study. Schizophr Res. 2012;141(2–3):173–8.
de Leon J. Reflections on the complex history of the concept of clozapine-induced inflammation during titration. Psychiatr Danub. 2022;34(3):411–21.
Wexler RK, Elton T, Pleister A, Feldman D. Cardiomyopathy: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79(9):778–84.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rostagno C, Domenichetti S, Pastorelli F, Gensini GF. Usefulness of NT-pro-BNP and echocardiography in the diagnosis of subclinical clozapine-related cardiotoxicity. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(6):712–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Naber D, Holzbach R, Perro C, Hippius H. Clinical management of clozapine patients in relation to efficacy and side-effects. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1992;17:54–9.
Comments (0)