aDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

bDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health

cCardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

dSirindhorn College of Public Health, Trang, Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences, Praboromarajchanok Institute, Thailand

eDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

fDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

Correspondence to Lyndia C. Brumback, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Box 354922, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. Tel: +1 206 897 1942; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Received 18 November, 2022

Revised 14 February, 2023

Accepted 9 March, 2023