Ishii LE, Nellis JC, Boahene KD, Byrne P, Ishii M. The importance and psychology of facial expression. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2018.07.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tzafetta K, Terzis JK. Essays on the facial nerve: part I. Microanatomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(3):879–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ccdc78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Albathi M, Oyer S, Ishii LE, Byrne P, Ishii M, Boahene KO. Early nerve grafting for facial paralysis after cerebellopontine angle tumor resection with preserved facial nerve continuity. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2016;18(1):54–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamafacial.2015.1558.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reitzen SD, Babb JS, Lalwani AK. Significance and reliability of the House-Brackmann grading system for regional facial nerve function. Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2009;140(2):154–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.11.021.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang TS, Vrabec JT, Giddings N, Terris DJ. Facial nerve grading systems (1985–2002): beyond the House-Brackmann scale. Otol Neurotol. 2002;23(5):767–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200209000-00026.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Banks CA, Bhama PK, Park J, Hadlock CR, Hadlock TA. Clinician-graded electronic facial paralysis assessment: the eFACE. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(2):223e–30e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001447. (This paper introduces a novel grading scale to assess degree of facial nerve function which is a potentially useful tool for quantifying improvements after surgical intervention).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Banks CA, Jowett N, Azizzadeh B, et al. Worldwide testing of the eFACE facial nerve clinician-graded scale. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(2):491e–8e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002954.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruins TE, van Veen MM, Werker PMN, Dijkstra PU, Broekstra DC. Associations between clinician-graded facial function and patient-reported quality of life in adults with peripheral facial palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 2021;147(8):717–28. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2021.1290.

Article  Google Scholar 

Moy J, Wax MK, Loyo M. Soft tissue reconstruction of parotidectomy defect. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2021;54(3):567–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2021.02.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koshima I, Harii K. Experimental study of vascularized nerve grafts: morphometric study of axonal regeneration of nerves transplanted into silicone tubes. Ann Plast Surg. 1985;14(3):235–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-198503000-00008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yi CR, Oh TM, Jeong WS, Choi JW, Oh TS. Quantitative analysis of the impact of radiotherapy on facial nerve repair with sural nerve grafting after parotid gland surgery. J Cranio-Maxillo-fac Surg. 2020;48(8):724–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2020.05.012.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Gidley PW, Herrera SJ, Hanasono MM, et al. The impact of radiotherapy on facial nerve repair. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(10):1985–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.21048. (This paper demonstrates successful return of facial nerve function even in the setting of radiation).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leong SC, Lesser TH. Long-term outcomes of facial nerve function in irradiated and nonirradiated nerve grafts. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2013;122(11):695–700. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348941312201106.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agrogiannis N, Rozen S, Reddy G, Audolfsson T, Rodriguez-Lorenzo A. Vastus lateralis vascularized nerve graft in facial nerve reconstruction: an anatomical cadaveric study and clinical implications. Microsurgery. 2015;35(2):135–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.22311.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanaka K, Okazaki M, Yano T, Miyashita H, Homma T, Tomita M. Quantitative evaluation of blood perfusion to nerves included in the anterolateral thigh flap using indocyanine green fluorescence angiography: a different contrast pattern between the vastus lateralis motor nerve and femoral cutaneous nerve. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2015;31(3):163–70. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1390382.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shibata M, Tsai TM, Firrell J, Breidenbach WC. Experimental comparison of vascularized and nonvascularized nerve grafting. J Hand Surg. 1988;13(3):358–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(88)80008-x.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Doi K, Tamaru K, Sakai K, Kuwata N, Kurafuji Y, Kawai S. A comparison of vascularized and conventional sural nerve grafts. J Hand Surg. 1992;17(4):670–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0363-5023(92)90315-g.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

•• Kimata Y, Sakuraba M, Hishinuma S, Ebihara S, Hayashi R, Asakage T. Free vascularized nerve grafting for immediate facial nerve reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(2):331–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000154753.32174.24. (This paper demonstrates that free vascularized nerve grafts are effective for immediate reconstruction of the severed facial nerve in patients with preoperative and intraoperative factors that might inhibit functional recovery).

Hatchell AC, Chandarana SP, Matthews JL, et al. Evaluating CNVII recovery after reconstruction with vascularized nerve grafts: a retrospective case series. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021;9(1):e3374. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000003374.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guyonvarch P, Benmoussa N, Moya-Plana A, et al. Thoracodorsal artery perforator free flap with vascularized thoracodorsal nerve for head and neck reconstruction following radical parotidectomy with facial nerve sacrifice: step-by-step surgical technique video. Head Neck. 2021;43(7):2255–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26701.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breidenbach WC, Terzis JK. The blood supply of vascularized nerve grafts. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1986;3(1):43–58. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1007038.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tokumoto H, Akita S, Kubota Y, Kuriyama M, Mitsukawa N. Use of vascularized sural nerve grafts for sciatic nerve reconstruction after malignant bone and soft tissue tumor resection in the lower legs. Ann Plast Surg. 2018;80(4):379–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001315.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee YS, Ahn JH, Park HJ, et al. Dual coaptation of facial nerve using masseteric branch of trigeminal nerve for iatrogenic facial palsy: preliminary reports. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2020;129(5):505–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489419893722.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koh KS, Kim JK, Kim CJ, Kwun BD, Kim SY. Hypoglossal-facial crossover in facial-nerve palsy: pure end-to-sideanastomosis technique. Br J Plast Surg. 2002;55(1):25–31. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjps.2001.3727.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mato-Patino T, Morales-Puebla JM, Moraleda S, et al. Contribution and safety of the side-to-end hypoglossal-to-facial transfer in multidisciplinary facial reanimation. Head Neck. 2022;44(7):1678–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.27076.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terzis JK, Tzafetta K. Outcomes of mini-hypoglossal nerve transfer and direct muscle neurotization for restoration of lower lip function in facial palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(6):1891–904. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181bf81f6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coombs CJ, Ek EW, Wu T, Cleland H, Leung MK. Masseteric-facial nerve coaptation—an alternative technique for facial nerve reinnervation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009;62(12):1580–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2008.05.046.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morley SE. Combining an end to side nerve to masseter transfer with cross face nerve graft for functional upgrade in partial facial paralysis-an observational cohort study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg JPRAS. 2021;74(7):1446–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.11.015.

Article  Google Scholar 

Terzis JK. Pectoralis minor: a unique muscle for correction of facial palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83(5):767–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harii K, Ohmori K, Torii S. Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microneurovascular anastomoses for the treatment of facial paralysis. A preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;57(2):133–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197602000-00001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boahene KO, Owusu J, Ishii L, et al. The multivector gracilis free functional muscle flap for facial reanimation. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2018;20(4):300–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamafacial.2018.0048.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

••Chuang DCC. Technique evolution for facial paralysis reconstruction using functioning free muscle transplantation—experience of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Clin Plast Surg. 2002;29(4):449–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1298(02)00021-4. (This paper highlights many of the techinical nuances and advances in performing functional free muscle transfer for facial paralysis patients).

Hammond JB, Teven CM, Flug JA, et al. The chimeric gracilis and profunda artery perforator flap: characterizing this novel flap configuration with angiography and a cadaveric model. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2021;37(7):617–21. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1723824.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hammond JB, Flug JA, Foley BM, et al. A newly described, highly prevalent arterial pedicle perfuses both gracilis and profunda artery perforator flap tissues: an angiographic study of the medial thigh. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2020;36(3):177–81. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698438.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heredero S, Falguera-Uceda MI, Sanjuan-Sanjuan A, Dean A, Solivera J. Chimeric profunda artery perforator—gracilis flap: a computed tomographic angiography study and case report. Microsurgery. 2021;41(3):250–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30694.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

••Hasmat S, Low TH, Krishnan A, et al. Chimeric vastus lateralis and anterolateral thigh flap for restoring facial defects and dynamic function following radical parotidectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;144(5):853e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006183. (This paper introduces the concept of performing chimeric anterolateral thigh flap with a free functional muscle component to restore dynamic function in radical parotidectomy patients).

Chong LSH, Tjahjono R, Eviston TJ, Clark JR. Dual chimeric innervated vastus lateralis free flap for single stage blink and midface reanimation. Head Neck. 2017;39(9):1894–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24795.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tzafetta K, Al-Hassani F, Pinto-Lopes R, Wade RG, Ahmad Z. Long-term outcomes of dual innervation in functional muscle transfers for facial palsy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021;74(10):2664–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2021.03.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boonipat T, Robertson CE, Meaike JD, Vyas KS, Asaad M, Mardini S. Dual innervation of free gracilis muscle for facial reanimation: what we know so far. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020;73(12):2196–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.084.

Article  PubMed