From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (Ms Jia, Ms Li); Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Ms Jia, Ms Li, Dr Zhao); Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (Dr Fan, Dr Zhou); Sichuan Lung Cancer Institute, Sichuan Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan University, China (Dr Zhou); Center for Global Health, School of Population Medicine and Public Health Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Dr Qiao); and The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Ms Lalley).

Author contributions: Y.-G.F. and Y.-L.Q. had complete access to all the study's data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Q.-H.Z. and Y.-L.Q. contributed in the conception and design. Y.-G.F. and Q.-H.Z. contributed in the data collection. X.-H.J. contributed in the analysis and interpretation. X.-H.J., Y.-F.L., and M.L. contributed in the drafting the article. F.-H.Z., Y.-G.F., and Y.-L.Q. contributed in the manuscript revision.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the institutional review boards of the National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (201812190401002).

Funding sources: Cancer Foundation of China, grant No. CFC2020KYXM001, CFC2020KYXM002, and Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project(TJYXZDXK-061B).

Fan, Jia, Li, Zhou, Zhao, Qiao, and Lalley have no relationships/conditions/circumstances that present potential conflict of interest.

The JOEM editorial board and planners have no financial interest related to this research.

Address correspondence to: Ya-Guang Fan, PhD, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. ([email protected]); You-Lin Qiao, PhD, Center for Global Health, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. ([email protected]).