Magnum var., Lubelski var., Marynka var./ConesEthanol/water (40%); Water, 85 °C (chlorogenic acid, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, cinnamic, and syringic acid, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol)In vitro
Well-diffusion methodStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
Inhibition growth area [mm] = 18, 27, 39 (water extracts of Lubelski, Marynka, and Magnum varieties, respectively)
Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates
Inhibition growth area [mm] = 11, 22, 28 (water extracts of Lubelski, Marynka, and Magnum varieties, respectively)
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228
Inhibition growth area [mm] = 12, 31, 34 (water extracts of Lubelski, Marynka, and Magnum varieties, respectively)
Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates
Inhibition growth area [mm] = 8, 26, 25 (water extracts of Lubelski, Marynka, and Magnum varieties, respectively)[24]ConesSupercritical hops CO2-extract (humulone, lupulone)In vitro
Broth microdilution methodP. acnes
MIC = 3.1 μg/mL
Inhibition growth area gel= 5.5 mm
S. aureus
MIC = 9.4 μg/mL
Inhibition growth area gel = 3 mm[28]ConesEthanol/water (70:20) (v/v)In vitro
Disc diffusion methodB. subtilis
Inhibition growth = ~8mm
S. aureus and E. coli
Inhibition growth = ~4.5mm (for both)[34]Cones/prenylated phenolic compoundHydro-ethanolicIn vitro
Antibacterial; AntiparasiticCorynebacterium, Enterococcus, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus strains
MICs = 39–156 µg/mL
T. brucei
IC50 = <1 to 11 µg/mL[35]Aurora var. and Hallertauer Magnum var./Leaves and conesEthanolIn vitro
Broth microdilution methodS. aureus
MIC = 0.0013–0.0029 mg/mL (cones); 0.22–0.44 mg/mL (leaves)
E. coli
MIC = 0.19–0.43 mg/mL (cones); 0.16–0.44 mg/mL (leaves)[25]Hop/IsoxanthohumolEthanolIn vitro
Mycelium growth inhibition methodAntifungal activity: 37.01~51.52% (H. lupulus at 500 µg/mL)
EC50 = 4.32, 14.52 and 16.50 µg/mL (Isoxanthohumol agains B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum and
F. graminearum, respectively)[12]Cones Hydro-ethanolic (rutin, syringic acid)In vitro
Anti-influenza activityAntiviral effect during the 1 h infection
PR8, NWS, and ULSTER strains (46%, 50%, and 29% of inhibition, respectively).
Antiviral effect after the infection
pH1N1, PR8, and ULSTER titer (75%, 44%
and 29% reduction, respectively).[36]Purified hop fractions(α-bitter acids, β-bitter acids and xanthohumol)In vitro
Standard testing protocols EUCASTAntibacterial effect:
xanthohumol
MICs = 4–7.5 mg/L
β-bitter acids
MICs = 0.5–15 mg/L
α-bitter acids
MICs = 30–60 mg/L[37]Aerial partsSupercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extracts and 75% ethanol extracts (cohumulinic acid, dehydrocohumulinic acid, hulupone, lupulone)In vitro
CellTiter-Glo® LuminescencenAssayE. coli
scCO2 extracts are more active than the ethanol extracts[38]Hallertauer
Magnum var./ConesSupercritical hops extractIn vitro
Agar-dilution assayMICs = 6.25 and 25 µg/mL (Corynebacterium xerosis and S. epidermidis, respectively)[39]Hop bract polyphenols (HBP)Mouthrinse containing 0.1% HBPRandomized, controlled trial
Patient hygiene Performance scoreReduction amount of plaque score (p < 0.001)
Reduction the number of Mutans streptococci in the plaque samples (p < 0.05)[40]Hallertauer
Magnum var./ConesHops and zinc ricinoleateClinical study
ASTM method E 1207-87 in 42 human volunteersMalodor score: 6.28 (±0.70) (control) to: 1.80 (±0.71) (8 h of extract application), 1.82 (±0.74) (12 h of extract application), 2.24 (±0.77) (24 h of extract application)[39]