From the Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (Drs Khalil, Berdahl, Ghandehari, Durra, Kim, Yumul, Milam); Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Dr Khalil); Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Adolescent Substance Use and Addiction Program, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Simon); Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Dew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California (Dr Glenn); Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan (Dr Uphold); Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona (Dr Milam); and Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Milam).

Funding: Institutional funding (Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center).

Declarations of Interest: There are no conflicts of interest to report.

Dr Simon was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)/American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Physician-Scientist Career Development Award (K12DA000357).

Author Contributions: All authors contributed to the preparation of the manuscript and approved the final version.

Data Availability: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to concerns regarding confidentiality (and assurances made to participants) but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Compliance With Ethical Standards: Research Involving Human Subjects and Informed Consent—Participants consented to participate in the study. All participants received confidentiality assurances; we used numbers instead of names (for instance, nurse N1, N2…; physician P1, P2…; social worker SW1, SW2…) and removed any identifying information from the transcripts. The Institutional Review Board approved this current study.

Supplemental digital contents are available for this article. Direct URL citation appears in the printed text and is provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.joem.org).

Address correspondence to: Adam Jeraldo Milam, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054 ([email protected]).