Figure 1. Different mechanisms of endocrine disruption by xeno-estrogenic pesticides: (a) mimicking estrogens, (b) antagonizing estrogens, (c) altering estrogen synthesis, and (d) modifying estrogen receptor expression.

Figure 1. Different mechanisms of endocrine disruption by xeno-estrogenic pesticides: (a) mimicking estrogens, (b) antagonizing estrogens, (c) altering estrogen synthesis, and (d) modifying estrogen receptor expression.

Figure 2. Risk of various estrogen-mediated cancers with xeno-estrogenic pesticide exposure.

Table 1. Current use status and year listing of commercial pesticide brands around the world.

Table 1. Current use status and year listing of commercial pesticide brands around the world.

Name of PesticideCommercial NameBan StatusCurrent StatusYear of Listing in Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsUsed for the Crops ReferencesDieldrinHortico, Dieldrin Dust
Mustex 25%, Shell Dieldrex, Yates Garden DustComplete No manufacturing2001Corn, cotton, citrus
cabbage, legumes[39]DDTCezarex, Anofex, Clorophenothane, Dicophane, Dinocide, Gesarol, Guesapon, Guesarol, Gyron, Ixodex, Neocid, Neocidol, ZerdanePartial For malaria control programs (countries of Africa and Asia)2001Amaranth, cabbage, lettuce, pumpkin, spinach[40] EndosulfanAfidan, Beosit, Endocel, Hildan
Cyclodan, Devisulfan, Endocide, Endosol, FMC 5462, Hex-asulfan, Hoe 2671, Insectophene, Malix, Thiodan, Thimul, Thifor, ThionexRegulated For certain crop–pest complexes2011Spinach, cauliflower, potato, brinjal, tomato, okra[41]AldrinAldrec, Aldrex, Drinox, Octalene, Seedrin, Compound 118CompleteNo manufacturing2007Corn, cotton, citrus,
cabbage, legumes[39]HCHForlin, Etan 3G, Gamaphex, Isotox, GermatePlus, Gamma-Mean400, LindagramCompleteNo manufacturing2008Amaranth, cabbage, lettuce, pumpkin, spinach[40]