1. Glover, M, Kira, A, Johnston, V et al. A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to participation in randomized controlled trials by Indigenous people from New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the United States. Glob Health Promot 2015; 22(1): 21–31.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI2. Nazha, B, Mishra, M, Pentz, R et al. Enrollment of racial minorities in clinical trials: old problem assumes new urgency in the age of immunotherapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39: 3–10.
Google Scholar | Crossref3. Hurd, K, Barnabe, C. Mortality causes and outcomes in Indigenous populations of Canada, the United States, and Australia with rheumatic disease: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 47(4): 586–592.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Hernandez, LM, Blazer, DG. Genes, behavior, and the social environment: moving beyond the nature/nurture debate. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19932/
Google Scholar5. Oh, SS, Galanter, J, Thakur, N et al. Diversity in clinical and biomedical research: a promise yet to be fulfilled. PLoS Med 2015; 12(12): e1001918.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Nagaraj, S, Barnabe, C, Schieir, O et al. Early rheumatoid arthritis presentation, treatment, and outcomes in aboriginal patients in Canada: a Canadian early arthritis cohort study analysis. Arthritis Care Res 2018; 70(8): 1245–1250.
Google Scholar | Crossref7. Canuto, K, McDermott, R, Cargo, M. Participant views on participating in a pragmatic randomised controlled trial: the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women’s Fitness Program. Int J Equity Health 2014; 13(1): 77.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Hamel, LM, Penner, LA, Albrecht, TL et al. Barriers to clinical trial enrollment in racial and ethnic minority patients with cancer. Cancer Control 2016; 23(4): 327–337.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI9. Maar, MA, Beaudin, V, Yeates, K et al. Wise practices for cultural safety in electronic health research and clinical trials with Indigenous people: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21(11): e14203.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Redwood, S, Gill, PS. Under-representation of minority ethnic groups in research-call for action. Br J Gen Pract 2013; 63(612): 342–343.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Zhang, T, Tsang, W, Wijeysundera, HC et al. Reporting and representation of ethnic minorities in cardiovascular trials: a systematic review. Am Heart J 2013; 166(1): 52–57.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Morris, PS. Randomised controlled trials addressing Australian aboriginal health needs: a systematic review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health 1999; 35(2): 130–135.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Saini, M, Quinn, A. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of health related issues within and Aboriginal context, 2013, https://www.nccih.ca/docs/context/RPT-ReviewRCTs-Saini-Quinn-EN.pdf
Google Scholar14. Hunter, KE, Xu, G, Modi, D et al. The landscape of clinical trial activity focusing on Indigenous health in Australia from 2008 to 2018, 2019, https://colloquium2019.cochrane.org/abstracts/landscape-clinical-trial-activity-focusing-indigenous-health-australia-2008-2018
Google Scholar15. Graham, P, Evitts, T, Thomas-MacLean, R. Environmental scans: how useful are they for primary care research? Can Fam Physician 2008; 54(7): 1022–1023.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI16. Berger, DN, Bulanin, N, García-Alix, L et al. The Indigenous World 2020, 34th ed, 2020, http://iwgia.org/images/yearbook/2020/IWGIA_The_Indigenous_World_2020.pdf
Google Scholar17. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . The health and welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: 2015. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2015.
Google Scholar18. Jones, M, Weaver, S, Panahi, S et al. Indigenous peoples health in the United States of America: review of lifestyle issues and the implementation of community-based participatory research. Divers Equal Heal Care 2018; 15(2): 66–70.
Google Scholar19. Pizzoli, SFM, Renzi, C, Arnaboldi, P et al. From life-threatening to chronic disease: is this the case of cancers? A systematic review. Cogent Psychol 2019; 6(1): 1577593.
Google Scholar | Crossref20. Bernell, S, Howard, SW. Use your words carefully: what is a chronic disease? Front Public Health 2016; 4: 159–154.
Google Scholar | Crossref21. Chauhan, BF, Jeyaraman, M, Mann, AS et al. Behavior change interventions and policies influencing primary healthcare professionals’ practice-an overview of reviews. Implement Sci 2017; 12(1): 3.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Rice, K, Te Hiwi, B, Zwarenstein, M et al. Best practices for the prevention and management of diabetes and obesity-related chronic disease among Indigenous peoples in Canada: a review. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40(3): 216–225.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Ory, MG, Lee Smith, M, Mier, N et al. The science of sustaining health behavior change: the health maintenance consortium. Am J Health Behav 2010; 34(6): 647–659.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. McCalman, J, Bainbridge, R, Percival, N et al. The effectiveness of implementation in Indigenous Australian healthcare: an overview of literature reviews. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15: 47.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Bonham, VL, Callier, SL, Royal, CD. Will precision medicine move us beyond race? N Engl J Med 2016; 374(21): 2003–2005.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Hoppe, C, Kerr, D. Minority underrepresentation in cardiovascular outcome trials for type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5(1): 13.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Foulds, HJA, Bredin, SSD, Warburton, DER. Cardiovascular dynamics of Canadian Indigenous peoples. Int J Circumpolar Health 2018; 77(1): 1421351.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Pulver, LJ, Haswell, MR, Ring, I et al. Indigenous health—Australia, Canada, Aotearoa New Zealand and the United States—laying claim to a future that embraces health for us all, 2010, http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/IHNo33.pdf
Google Scholar29. U.S. Census Bureau . Census 2010 American Indian and Alaska native summary file. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010.
Google Scholar30. Gionet, L, Roshanafshar, S. Select health indicators of First Nations people living off reserve, Metis and Inuit, 2013, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2013001/article/11763-eng.pdf
Google Scholar31. Benjamin, EJ, Muntner, P, Alonso, A et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139: e56–e528.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Vigil, D, Sinaii, N, Karp, B. American Indian and Alaska native enrollment in clinical studies in the National Institutes of Health’s intramural research program. Ethics Hum Res 2021; 43(3): 2–9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Health Research Council of New Zealand . Pacific health research guidelines, 2014, www.hrc.govt.nz
Google Scholar34. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada . Tri-council policy statement: ethical conduct for research involving humans, 2018, https://www.cmcc.ca/Tri-Council%20Policy%20Statement.pdf
Google Scholar35. Spineli, LM, Jenz, E, Großhennig, A et al. Critical appraisal of arguments for the delayed-start design proposed as alternative to the parallel-group randomized clinical trial design in the field of rare disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12(1): 140.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Henry, D, Tolan, P, Gorman-Smith, D et al. Alternatives to randomized control trial designs for community-based prevention evaluation. Prev Sci 2017; 18(6): 671–680.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Lin, CY, Loyola-Sanchez, A, Hurd, K et al. Characterization of Indigenous community engagement in arthritis studies conducted in Canada, United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 49(1): 145–155.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Falasinnu, T, Chaichian, Y, Simard, JF. Increasing ancestral diversity in lupus trials: ways forward. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2020; 46(4): 713–722.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Falasinnu, T, Chaichian, Y, Bass, MB et al. The representation of gender and race/ethnic groups in randomized clinical trials of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 20(4): 20.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. NHMRC . Funding rules involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 2020, https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-advice/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-health/funding-rules-involving-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people
Google Scholar41. Health Research Council of New Zealand . The New Zealand health research prioritisation framework, 2019, https://www.hrc.govt.nz/resources/new-zealand-health-research-prioritisation-framework
Google Scholar42. Canadian Institutes of Health Research . Institute of Indigenous peoples’ health: strategic plan 2019-2024, 2019, https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/8668.html
Google Scholar43. National Institutes of Health . National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993, 1993, https://www.congress.gov/103/statute/STATUTE-107/STATUTE-107-Pg122.pdf
Google Scholar44. NHMRC . Road map II: a strategic framework for improving the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through research, 2010, https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/road-map-ii-strategic-framework-improving-health-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people-through-research
Google Scholar45. Health Research Council of New Zealand . Guidelines for researchers on health research involving Māori, 2010, http://www.hrc.govt.nz
Google Scholar46. Welch, VA, Norheim, OF, Jull, J et al. CONSORT-Equity 2017 extension and elaboration for better reporting of health equity in randomised trials. BMJ 2017; 359: j5085.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada . Calls to action, 2015, http://trc.ca/assets/pdf/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf
Google Scholar | Crossref48. Nicholls, SG, Carroll, K, Hey, SP et al. A review of pragmatic trials found a high degree of diversity in design and scope, deficiencies in reporting and trial registry data, and poor indexing. J Clin Epidemiol 2021; 137: 45–57.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline49. Fleminger, J, Goldacre, B. Prevalence of clinical trial status discrepancies: a cross-sectional study of 10, 492 trials registered on both ClinicalTrials.gov and the European Union Clinical Trials Register. PLoS One 2018; 13(3): e0193088.
Google Scholar | Crossref50. Konkel, L. Racial and ethnic disparities in research studies: the challenge of creating more diverse cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 2015; 123(12): A297–A302.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline