FIGURE S1 Neither germ-free (GF) nor EX-GF mice show significant changes in basal membrane properties or action potential waveform in the amygdala excitatory neurons in response to probiotic treatment. (a) A summary graph showing resting membrane potential of cells from GF mice (control, −78.3 ± 5.0 mV, 19 cells from six mice; probiotics, −78.6 ± 6.3 mV, 17 cells from four mice; t34 = 0.016; p = 0.8703, unpaired t test). (b) Representative voltage traces (left) and a summary graph (right) showing input resistance (control, 126.2 ± 50.3 MΩ, 19 cells from six mice; probiotics, 149.7 ± 75.2 MΩ, 17 cells from four mice; t34 = 1.12; p = 0.2728, unpaired t test). Representative action potential traces (c) and summary graphs showing spike threshold (d), amplitude (e), and half-width (f) (control, 19 cells from six mice; probiotics, 18 cells from four mice; threshold, control, −36.2 ± 3.6 mV, probiotics, −37.5 ± 3.3 mV; t35 = 1.18; p = 0.2477, unpaired t test; amplitude, control, 67.0 ± 9.7 mV, probiotics, 68.5 ± 9.7 mV; t35 = 0.46; p = 0.6487, unpaired t test; half-width, control, 0.80 ± 0.14 ms, probiotics, 0.83 ± 0.17 ms; t35 = 0.55; p = 0.5861, unpaired t test). (g) A summary graph showing resting membrane potential of cells from EX-GF mice (control, −79.0 ± 0.7 mV, 10 cells from five mice; probiotics, −76.6 ± 0.8 mV, 21 cells from six mice; t35 = 0.353; p = 0.1017, unpaired t test). (h) Representative voltage traces (left) and a summary graph (right) showing input resistance (control, 115.9 ± 13.6 MΩ, 10 cells from five mice; probiotics, 104.1 ± 7.4 MΩ, 21 cells from six mice; p = 0.5419, Mann–Whitney test). Representative action potential traces (i) and summary graphs showing spike threshold (j), amplitude (k), and half-width (l) (control, 11 cells from five mice; probiotics, 21 cells from six mice; threshold, control, −32.3 ± 0.9 mV, probiotics, −37.1 ± 0.8 mV; t35 = 0.353; p = 0.5024, unpaired t test; amplitude, control, 69.0 ± 2.2 mV, probiotics, 70.5 ± 1.7 mV; t35 = 0.353; p = 0.6121, unpaired t test; half-width, control, 0.73 ± 0.03 ms, probiotics, 0.82 ± 0.03 ms; t35 = 0.353; p = 0.0741, unpaired t test)

FIGURE S2 Microarray data gene ontology pathways analysis result. Gene ontology analysis from differentially expressed genes from microarray analysis between (1) EX-GF-Control and EX-GF-Probiotics and (2) GF-Probiotics and EX-GF-Probiotics

TABLE S1 Microarray data differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between groups