1. Folman Y, Shabat S, Gepstein R. B-twin expandable spinal spacer for posterior lumbar interbody stabilization: mechanical testing. J Surg Orthop Adv 2006 15:203–8.

2. Briggs H, Keats S. Laminectomy and foraminotomy with chip fusion; operative treatment for the relief of low-back pain and sciatic pain associated with spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1947 29:328–34.

3. Cloward RB. The treatment of ruptured lumbar intervertebral discs by vertebral body fusion: I. indications, operative technique, after care. J Neurosurg 1953 10:154–68.

4. Lin PM. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion technique: complications and pitfalls. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1985 ((193)): 90–102.

5. Bagby GW. Arthrodesis by the distraction-compression method using a stainless steel implant. Orthopedics 1988 11:931–4.

6. Abumi K, Panjabi MM, Kramer KM, Duranceau J, Oxland T, Crisco JJ. Biomechanical evaluation of lumbar spinal stability after graded facetectomies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1990 15:1142–7.

7. Brantigan JW, Steffee AD, Lewis ML, Quinn LM, Persenaire JM. Lumbar interbody fusion using the Brantigan I/F cage for posterior lumbar interbody fusion and the variable pedicle screw placement system: two-year results from a Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 25:1437–46.

8. Freeman BJ, Licina P, Mehdian SH. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion combined with instrumented postero-lateral fusion: 5-year results in 60 patients. Eur Spine J 2000 9:42–6.

9. Jun BY. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion with restoration of lamina and facet fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 25:917–22.

10. Agazzi S, Reverdin A, May D. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion with cages: an independent review of 71 cases. J Neurosurg 1999 91(2 Suppl): 186–92.

11. Elias WJ, Simmons NE, Kaptain GJ, Chadduck JB, Whitehill R. Complications of posterior lumbar interbody fusion when using a titanium threaded cage device. J Neurosurg 2000 93(1 Suppl): 45–52.

12. Ray CD. Threaded titanium cages for lumbar interbody fusions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997 22:667–79.

13. Wetzel FT, LaRocca H. The failed posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991 16:839–45.

14. Cole CD, McCall TD, Schmidt MH, Dailey AT. Comparison of low back fusion techniques: transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) or posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) approaches. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2009 2:118–26.

15. Kaito T, Hosono N, Mukai Y, Makino T, Fuji T, Yonenobu K. Induction of early degeneration of the adjacent segment after posterior lumbar interbody fusion by excessive distraction of lumbar disc space. J Neurosurg Spine 2010 12:671–9.

16. Bhatia NN, Lee KH, Bui CN, Luna M, Wahba GM, Lee TQ. Biomechanical evaluation of an expandable cage in single-segment posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012 37:E79–85.

17. Kim CW, Doerr TM, Luna IY, et al. Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion using expandable technology: a clinical and radiographic analysis of 50 patients. World Neurosurg 2016 90:228–35.

18. Goel VK, Panjabi MM, Patwardhan AG, Dooris AP, Serhan H, American Society for Testing and Materials. Test protocols for evaluation of spinal implants. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006 88 Suppl 2:103–9.

19. Schmidt J, Berg DR, Ploeg HL, Ploeg L. Precision, repeatability and accuracy of Optotrak optical motion tracking systems. Int J Exp Comput Biomech 2009 1:114–27.

20. Blom S, Lemperg R. Electromyographic analysis of the lumbar musculature in patients operated on for lumbar rhizopathy. J Neurosurg 1967 26:25–30.

21. Jayson MI. The role of vascular damage and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of nerve root damage. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992 (279): 40–8.

22. Nagayama R, Nakamura H, Yamano Y, et al. An experimental study of the effects of nerve root retraction on the posterior ramus. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 25:418–24.

23. Cho W, Wu C, Mehbod AA, Transfeldt EE. Comparison of cage designs for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a biomechanical study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2008 23:979–85.

24. Harris BM, Hilibrand AS, Savas PE, et al. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: the effect of various instrumentation techniques on the flexibility of the lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004 29:E65–70.

25. Kettler A, Niemeyer T, Issler L, et al. In vitro fixator rod loading after transforaminal compared to anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2006 21:435–42.

26. Cannestra AF, Peterson MD, Parker SR, Roush TF, Bundy JV, Turner AW. MIS expandable interbody spacers: a literature review and biomechanical comparison of an expandable MIS TLIF with conventional TLIF and ALIF. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016 41 Suppl 8:S44–9.

27. Barrett-Tuck R, Del Monaco D, Block JE. One and two level posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) using an expandable, stand-alone, interbody fusion device: a VariLift(®) case series. J Spine Surg 2017 3:9–15.

28. Yee TJ, Joseph JR, Terman SW, Park P. Expandable vs static cages in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: radiographic comparison of segmental and lumbar sagittal angles. Neurosurgery 2017 81:69–74.