1. WHO . Global report on diabetes. Geneva, Switzerland, 2016. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204871
Google Scholar2. International Diabetes Federation . IDF Diabetes Atlas. 8th ed. International Diabetes Federation; 2017.
Google Scholar3. Feleke, Y, Enquselassie, F. An assessment of the health care system for diabetes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2005;19:203-210.
Google Scholar4. Powers, AC. Diabetes Mellitus. In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine.19th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2015, pp. 2275-2304.
Google Scholar5. Corwell, B, Knight, B, Olivieri, L, Willis, GC. Current diagnosis and treatment of hyperglycemic emergencies. Emerg Med Clin. 2014;32:437-452.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI6. Gosmanov, AR, Gosmanova, EO, Dillard-Cannon, E. Management of adult diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014; 7:255-264.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Hamed, ZS, Gawaly, AM, Abbas, KM, El Ahwal, LM. Epidemiology of infection as a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis at Tanta University Hospital. Tanta Med J. 2017;45(2):68.
Google Scholar | Crossref8. Savage, MW, Dhatariya, KK, Kilvert, A, et al. Diabetes UK position statements and care recommendations:joint British diabetes societies guideline for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med. 2011;28:508-515.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI9. Kitabchi, AE, Umpierrez, GE, Miles, JM, Fisher, JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI10. Kitabchi, AE, Umpierrez, GE, Murphy, MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:131-153.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI11. Alourfi, Z, Homsi, H. Precipitating factors, outcomes, and recurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis at a university hospital in Damascus. Avicenna J Med. 2015;5:11-15.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Choleau, C, Maitre, J, Pierucci, AF, et al. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in French children and adolescents. Diabetes Metab. 2014;40:137-142.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Zucchini, S, Scaramuzza, AE, Bonfanti, R, et al. A multicenter retrospective survey regarding diabetic ketoacidosis management in Italian children with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:5719470.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Fritsch, M, Schober, E, Rami-Merhar, B, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis in Austrian children: a population-based analysis, 1989-2011. J Pediatr. 2013;163:1484-1488.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Klingensmith, GJ, Tamborlane, WV, Wood, J, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diabetes onset: still an all too common threat in youth. J Pediatr. 2013;162:330-334.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Malik, FS, Hall, M, Mangione-Smith, R, et al. Patient characteristics associated with differences in admission frequency for diabetic ketoacidosis in United States Children ’s Hospitals. J Pediatr. 2016;171:104-110.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Bui, H, To, T, Stein, R, Fung, K, Daneman, D. Is diabetic ketoacidosis at disease onset a result of missed diagnosis? J Pediatr. 2010;156:472-477.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Poovazhagi, V. Risk factors for mortality in children with diabetic keto acidosis from developing countries. World J Diabetes. 2014;5:932-938.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Majaliwa, ES, Elusiyan, BJ, Adesiyun, OO, Laigong, P. Type 1 diabetes mellitus in the African population: epidemiology and management challenges. Acta BioMed. 2009; 79(3):255-259.
Google Scholar20. Otieno, CF, Kayima, JK, Omonge, EO, Oyoo, GO. Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors, mechanisms and management strategies in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. East Afr Med J. 2005;82:S197-S203.
Google Scholar | Medline21. Abela, AG, Magri, CJ, Debono, M, Calleja, N, Vassallo, J, Azzopardi, J. An audit of the management of diabetic ketoacidosis at St Luke’s Hospital. Malta Med J. 2008;20:16-21.
Google Scholar22. Otieno, CF, Kayima, JK, Mbugua, PK, Amayo, AA, Mcligeyo, SO. Prognostic factors in patients hospitalised with diabetic ketoacidosis at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr Med J. 2010;87:67-74.
Google Scholar | Crossref23. Desse, TA, Eshetie, TC, Gudina, EK. Predictors and treatment outcome of hyperglycemic emergencies at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, southwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:553.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Iddi, S, Francis, B, Jaka, HM, Mirambo, MM, Mushi, MF. Clinical presentation and precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis among patients admitted to intensive care unit at a tertiary hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19:1-5.
Google Scholar | Crossref25. Usman, A, Sulaiman, SA, Khan, AH, Adnan, AS. Profiles of diabetic ketoacidosis in multiethnic diabetic population of Malaysia. Trop J Pharm Res. 2015;14:179-185.
Google Scholar | Crossref26. Standard Treatment Guidelines for General Hospitals . 3rd ed. Food, Medicine, Health Care Administration and Control Authority; 2014, pp. 77-80.
Google Scholar27. Usman, A, Makmor Bakry, M, Mustafa, N, et al. Correlation of acidosis-adjusted potassium level and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:1323-1338.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Dhatariya, K, Nunney, I, Higgins, K, Sampson, M, Iceton, G. National survey of the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in the UK in 2014. Diabet Med. 2016;33:252-260.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI29. Usman, A. Initial potassium replacement in diabetic ketoacidosis: the unnoticed area of gap. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:109.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Niaz, ZA, Razzaq, A, Chaudhary, UJ, et al. Mortality review of diabetic ketoacidosis in Mayo Hospital, Lahore-Pakistan. Biomedica. 2005;21:83-85.
Google Scholar31. Zargar, AH, Wani, AI, Masoodi, SR, et al. Causes of mortality in diabetes mellitus: data from a tertiary teaching hospital in India. Postgrad Med J. 2009;85:227-232.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Anthanont, P, Khawcharoenporn, T, Tharavanij, T. Incidences and outcomes of hyperglycemic crises: a 5-year study in a tertiary care center in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95:995.
Google Scholar | Medline33. Pandya, T, Sekhon, R, Ghazarian, Z, Labban, M, Hanna, M, Khan, MA. Mortality predictors in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and respiratory failure. B46 critical care: ICU epidemiology and outcomes: American thoracic society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:A3646.
Google Scholar34. Efstathiou, SP, Tsiakou, AG, Tsioulos, DI, et al. A mortality prediction model in diabetic ketoacidosis. Clin Endocrinol. 2002;57:595-601.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline