Purpose

Convolution/superposition algorithms used in MV photon radiotherapy model radiation transport in water, yielding dose to water-in-water (Dw,w). Advanced algorithms constitute a step forward, but their dose distributions in terms of dose to medium-in-medium (Dm,m) or dose to water-in-medium (Dw,m) can be problematic when used in plan optimization due to their different dose responses to some atomic composition heterogeneities. Failure to take this into account can lead to undesired overcorrections and thus to unnoticed suboptimal and unrobust plans. Dose to reference-like medium (Dref,m) was recently introduced to overcome these limitations while ensuring accurate transport. This work evaluates and compares the performance of these four dose quantities in PTV-based optimization.

Methods

We considered three cases with heterogeneities inside the PTV: virtual phantom with water surrounded by bone; head and neck; and lung. These cases were planned with VMAT technique, optimizing with the same setup and objectives for each dose quantity. We used different algorithms of the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS): Acuros XB for Dm,m and Dw,m, and AAA for Dw,w. Dref,m was obtained from Dm,m distributions using an in-house software considering water as the reference medium (Dw,m). The optimization process consisted of: (1) common first optimization, (2) dose distribution computed for each quantity, (3) re-optimization, (4) final calculation for each dose quantity. The dose distribution, robustness to patient setup errors, and complexity of the plans were analyzed and compared.

Results

The quantities showed similar dose distributions after the optimization but differed in terms of plan robustness. The cases with soft tissue and high-density heterogeneities followed the same pattern. For AXB Dm,m, cold regions appeared in the heterogeneities after the first optimization. They were compensated in the second optimization through local fluence increases, but any positional mismatch impacted robustness, with CTV variations from the nominal scenario around +3% for bone and up to +7% for metal. For AXB Dw,m the pattern was inverse (hot regions compensated by fluence decreases) and more pronounced, with CTV dose variations around -7% for bone and up to -17% for metal. Neither AXB Dw,m nor AAA Dw,w presented these dose inhomogeneities, which resulted in more robust plans. However, Dw,w differed markedly from the other quantities in the lung case because of its lower radiation transport accuracy. AXB Dm,m was the most complex of the four dose quantities and AXB Dw,m the least complex, though we observed no major differences in this regard.

Conclusions

The dose quantity used in MV photon optimization can affect plan robustness. Dw,w distributions from convolution/superposition algorithms are robust but may not provide sufficient radiation transport accuracy in some cases. Dm,m and Dw,m from advanced algorithms can compromise robustness because their different responses to some composition heterogeneities introduce additional fluence compensations. Dref,m offers advantages in plan optimization and evaluation, producing accurate and robust plans without increasing complexity. Dref,m can be easily implemented as a built-in feature of the TPS and can facilitate and simplify the treatment planning process when using advanced algorithms. Final reporting can be kept in Dm,m or Dw,m for clinical correlations.

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