1. Simon, S . American Cancer Society: Study Finds Sharp Rise in Colon Cancer and Rectal Cancer Rates Among Young Adults. 2017 10/6/2020]; Available at: https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/study-finds-sharp-rise-in-colon-cancer-and-rectal-cancer-rates-among-young-adults.html.
Google Scholar2. Siegel, RL, Fedewa, SA, Anderson, WF, et al. Colorectal cancer incidence patterns in the United States, 1974–2013. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 1: 6–22.
Google Scholar3. Bailey, CE , et al. Increasing disparities in the age-related incidences of colon and rectal cancers in the United States, 1975–2010. JAMA Surg 2015; 150: 17–22.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Rogers, JE, Dasari, A, Eng, C. The treatment of colorectal cancer during pregnancy: cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy challenges. Oncologist 2016; 21: 563–570.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Salani, R, Billingsley, CC, Crafton, SM. Cancer and pregnancy: an overview for obstetricians and gynecologists reply. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211: 83–83.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Pellino, G, Simillis, C, Kontovounisios, C, et al. Colorectal cancer diagnosed during pregnancy: systematic review and treatment pathways. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29: 743–753.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Pentheroudakis, G, Orecchia, R, Hoekstra, HJ, et al. Cancer, fertility and pregnancy: eSMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2010; 21: v266–v273.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Pellino, G, Simillis, C, Kontovounisios, C, et al. Colorectal cancer diagnosed during pregnancy: systematic review and treatment pathways. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29: 743–753.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Longo, SA, Moore, RC, Canzoneri, BJ, et al. Gastrointestinal conditions during pregnancy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2010; 23: 80–89.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Kocian, P, de Haan, J, Cardonick, EH, et al. Management and outcome of colorectal cancer during pregnancy: report of 41 cases. Acta Chir Belg 2019; 119: 166–175.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Aytac, E, Ozuner, G, Isik, O, et al. Management of colorectal neoplasia during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8: 550–554.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. National Comprehensive Cancer Network . Colon Cancer Version 4.2020 2020. https://www.nccn.org/.
Google Scholar13. National Comprehensive Cancer Network . Rectal Cancer Vserion 6.2020 2020. https://www.nccn.org/.
Google Scholar14. 5-Fluorouracil [package insert]. Accord Healthcare, Inc. Durham, NC. 11/2016.
Google Scholar15. National Toxicology, P . NTP Monograph: developmental effects and pregnancy outcomes associated with cancer chemotherapy use during pregnancy. NTP Monogr 2013; 2: i–214.
Google Scholar16. Xeloda (capecitabine) [package insert]. Genetech USA, Inc. South San Francisco, CA. 02/2019.
Google Scholar17. Oxaliplatin [package insert]. Hospira, Inc. Lake Forest, IL. 06/2020.
Google Scholar18. Camptosar (irinotecan) [package insert]. Pfizer Injectables. New York, NY. 01/2020.
Google Scholar19. Lonsurf (trifluridine-tipiracil) [package insert]. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Princeton, NJ. 12/2019.
Google Scholar20. Avastin (bevacizumab) [package insert]. Genetech, Inc. South San Francisco, CA. 09/2020.
Google Scholar21. Zaltrap (ziv-aflibercept) [package insert]. Sanofi-Aventis. Bridgewater, NJ. 06/2020.
Google Scholar22. Cyramza (ramucirumab) [package insert]. Eli Lilly and Company. Indianapolis, IN. 06/2020.
Google Scholar23. Erbitux (cetuximab) [package insert]. Eli Lilly and Company. Indianapolis, IN. 04/2019.
Google Scholar24. Vectibix (panitumumab) [package insert]. Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA. 06/2017.
Google Scholar25. Stivarga (regorafenib) [package insert]. Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals. Whippany, NJ. 06/2020.
Google Scholar26. Zelboraf (vemurafenib) [package insert]. Genetech, Inc. South San Francisco, CA. 05/2020.
Google Scholar27. Braftovi (encorafenib) [package insert]. Array BioPharma, Inc. Boulder Co. 4/2020.
Google Scholar28. Keytruda (pembrolizumab) [package insert]. Merck & Co, Inc. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 10/2020.
Google Scholar29. Opdivo (nivolumab) [package insert]. Bristol Myers Squibb Company. Princeton, NJ. 10/2020.
Google Scholar30. Yervoy (ipilimumab) [package insert]. Bristol Myers Squibb Company. Pinceton, NJ. 10/2020.
Google Scholar31. Herceptin (trastuzumab) [package insert]. Genetech Inc. South San Francisco, CA. 11/2018.
Google Scholar32. Perjeta (pertuzumab) [package insert]. Genetech Inc. South San Francisco, CA. 1/2020.
Google Scholar33. Tykerb (lapatinib) [package insert]. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ. 12/2018.
Google Scholar34. Institute, NC . Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Cancer Stat Facts: Colorectal Cancer.
Google Scholar35. Cavestro, GM, Mannucci, A, Zuppardo, RA, et al. Early onset sporadic colorectal cancer: Worrisome trends and oncogenic features. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50: 521–532.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Campos, FG . Colorectal cancer in young adults: a difficult challenge. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 5041–5044.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Connell, LC, Mota, JM, Braghiroli, MI, et al. The rising incidence of younger patients with colorectal cancer: questions about screening, biology, and treatment. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017; 18: 23.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Lieu, CH, Renfro, RA, de Gramont, A, et al. Association of age with survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis from the ARCAD clinical trials program. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 2975–2984.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Venook, AP, Donna, N, Innocenti, F, et al. Impact of primary (1°) tumor location on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): analysis of CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 3504.
Google Scholar | Crossref40. Cremolini, C, Antoniott, C, Lonardi, S, et al. Primary tumor sidedness and benefit from FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab as initial therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Retrospective analysis of the TRIBE trial by GONO. Ann Oncol 2018; 29: 1528–1534.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Tejpar, S, Stintzing, S, Ciardiello, F, et al. Prognostic and predictive relevance of primary tumor location in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: retrospective analyses of the CRYSTAL and FIRE-3 trials. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3: 194–201.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. McCormick, A, Peterson, E. Cancer in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2018; 45: 187–200.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Ercan, S, Kaymaz, O, Yucel, N, et al. Serum concentrations of CA 125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9 and CEA in normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285: 579–584.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline44. Smok, D . Obstetrics and Gynecology: Colon Cancer in Pregnancy. 2013; Available at: https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/obstetrics-and-gynecology/colon-cancer-in-pregnancy/.
Google Scholar45. Shergill, AK, Ben-Menachem, T, Chandrasekhara, V, et al. Guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 18–24.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline46. Yaghoobi, M, Koren, G, Nulman, I. Challenges to diagnosing colorectal cancer during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 2009; 55: 881–885.
Google Scholar | Medline47. National Comprehensive Cancer Network . Breast Cancer Version 6.2020. 2020. https://www.nccn.org/.
Google Scholar