1. GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators . Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:909-948.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Reiner, RC, Wiens, KE, Deshpande, A, et al. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2020;395:1779-1801.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. UNICEF . Progress for Children: A Report Card on Water and Sanitation. External Number 5. UNICEF; 2006.
Google Scholar4. Black, RE, Morris, S, Bryce, J. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet. 2003;361:2226-2234.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI5. Bowen, A, Agboatwalla, M, Luby, S, Tobery, T, Ayers, T, Hoekstra, RM. Association between intensive handwashing and child development in Karachi, Pakistan: a cluster controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166:1037-1044.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Waddington, H, Snilstveit, B, White, H, Fewtrell, L. Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries. Int Initiative Impact Eval. 2009;1:1-119.
Google Scholar7. Clasen, TF, Bostoen, K, Schmidt, WP, et al. Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010:CD007180.
Google Scholar8. Freeman, MC, Garn, JV, Sclar, GD, et al. The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017;220:928-949.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Cairncross, S, Hunt, C, Boisson, S, et al. Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:i193-i205.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Munos, MK, Walker, CLF, Black, RE. The effect of oral rehydration solution and recommended home fluids on diarrhoea mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:i75-i87.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI11. Fewtrell, L, Kaufmann, RB, Kay, D, Enanoria, W, Haller, L, Colford, JM Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:42-52.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Schmidt, WP, Cairncross, S. Household water treatment in poor populations: is there enough evidence for scaling up now? Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:986-992.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Clasen, T, Roberts, I, Rabie, T, Schmidt, W, Cairncross, S. Interventions to improve water quality for pre venting diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD004794.
Google Scholar | Crossref14. Walker, CL, Rudan, I, Liu, L, et al. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet. 2013;381:140516.
Google Scholar | Crossref15. Bado, AR, Susuman, AS, Nebie, EI. Trends and risk factors for childhood diarrhea in sub-Saharan countries (1990–2013): assessing the neighborhood inequalities. Glob Health Action. 2016;9:30166.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF . Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. CSA and ICF; 2016.
Google Scholar17. Alebel, A, Tesema, C, Temesgen, B, Gebrie, A, Petrucka, P, Kibret, GD. Prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0199684.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Mengistie, B, Berhane, Y, Worku, Y. Prevalence of diarrhea and associated risk factors among children under-five years of age in Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Open J Prev Med. 2013;3:446-453.
Google Scholar | Crossref19. Angesom, T. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Laelay-Maychew District, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Doctoral dissertation, Addis Ababa University; 2015.
Google Scholar20. Regassa, W, Lemma, S. Assessment of diarrheal disease prevalence and associated risk factors in children of 6-59 months old at Adama District rural Kebeles, eastern Ethiopia, January/2015. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2016;26:581-588.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Hashi, A, Kumie, A, Gasana, J. Prevalence of Diarrhoea and associated factors among under-five children in Jigjiga District, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Open J Prev Med. 2016;6:233-246.
Google Scholar | Crossref22. Adane, M, Mengistie, B, Kloos, H, Medhin, G, Mulat, W. Sanitation facilities, hygienic conditions, and prevalence of acute diarrhea among under-five children in slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: baseline survey of a longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0182783.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Gebru, T, Taha, M, Kassahun, W. Risk factors of diarrhoeal disease in under-five children among health extension model and non-model families in Sheko district rural community, Southwest Ethiopia: comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:395.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI24. Azage, M, Kumie, A, Worku, A, Bagtzoglou, AC. Childhood diarrhea in high and low hotspot districts of Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia: a multilevel modeling. J Health Popul Nutr. 2016;35:1.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Solomon, ET, Gari, SR, Kloos, H, Mengistie, B. Diarrheal morbidity and predisposing factors among children under 5 years of age in rural East Ethiopia. Trop Med Health. 2020;48:1-0.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Bitew, BD, Woldu, W, Gizaw, Z. Childhood diarrheal morbidity and sanitation predictors in a nomadic community. Ital J Pediatr. 2017;43:91.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Mihrete, TS, Alemie, GA, Teferra, AS. Determinants of childhood diarrhea among underfive children in Benishangul Gumuz regional state, north West Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:102.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Soboksa, NE, Hailu, AB, Gari, SR, Alemu, BM. Water supply, sanitation and hygiene interventions and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: a comparative cross sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2019;38:45.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Asfaha, KF, Tesfamichael, FA, Fisseha, GK, et al. Determinants of childhood diarrhea in Medebay Zana District, Northwest Tigray, Ethiopia: a community based unmatched case–control study. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18:120.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Mengistie, B, Berhane, Y, Worku, A. Household water chlorination reduces incidence of diarrhea among under-five children in rural Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8:1-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref31. Megersa, S, Benti, T, Sahiledengle, B. Prevalence of diarrhea and its associated factors among under-five children in open defecation free and non-open defecation free households in Goba District Southeast Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Clin Mother Child Health. 2019;16:324.
Google Scholar32. Fuller, JA, Westphal, JA, Kenney, B, Eisenberg, JNS. The joint effects of water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease: a multicountry analysis of the Demographic and Health Surveys. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:284-292.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Eisenberg, JN, Scott, JC, Porco, T. Integrating disease control strategies: balancing water sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrheal disease burden. Am J Public Health. 2007;97:846-852.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Null, C, Stewart, CP, Pickering, AJ, et al. Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:e316-e329.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Mohammed, S, Tilahun, M, Tamiru, D. Morbidity and associated factors of diarrheal diseases among under five children in Arba-Minch district, Southern Ethiopia, 2012. Sci J Public Health. 2013;1:102-106.
Google Scholar | Crossref36. Gedamu, G, Kumie, A, Haftu, D. Magnitude and associated factors of diarrhea among under five children in Farta wereda, North West Ethiopia. Qual Prim Care. 2017;25:199-207.
Google Scholar37. Sahiledengle, B. Prevalence and associated factors of safe and improved infant and young children stool disposal in Ethiopia: evidence from demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:970.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Morita, T, Godfrey, S, George, CM. Systematic review of evidence on the effectiveness of safe child faeces disposal interventions. Trop Med Int Health. 2016;21:1403-1419.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Lamichhane, P, Sharma, A, Mahal, A. Does safe disposal of child faeces matter? An assessment of access to improved sanitation and child faeces disposal behaviour and diarrhoea in rural Nepal. Int Health. 2018;10:277-284.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Aluko, O, Afolabi, O, Olaoye, E, Adebayo, A, Oyetola, S, Abegunde, O. The management of the faeces passed by under five children: an exploratory, cross-sectional research in an urban community in Southwest Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:178.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Mohammed, AI, Zungu, L. Environmental health factors associated with diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in the Sebeta town of Ethiopia. S Afr J Infect Dis. 2016;31:122-129.
Google Scholar42. Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ORC Macro . Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2005. Central Statistical Agency/ Ethiopia and ORC Macro; 2006.
Google Scholar43. Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International . Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Central Statistical Agency and ICF International; 2012.
Google Scholar44. Adane, M, Mengistie, B, Medhin, G, Kloos, H, Mulat, W. Piped water supply interruptions and acute diarrhea among under-five children in Addis Ababa slums, Ethiopia: a matched case-control study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0181516.
Google Scholar | Medline45. Bekele, T, Rahman, B, Rawstorne, P. The effect of access to water, sanitation and handwashing facilities on child growth indicators: evidence from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0239313.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline46. Vittinghoff, E, Glidden, DV, Shiboski, SC, McCulloch, CE. Logistic regression. In: Regression Methods in Biostatistics for Biology and Health. Springer, Boston, MA; 2012:139-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1353-0_5.
Google Scholar47. McNamee, R. Confounding and confounders. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:227-234.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI48. Kirkwood, BR, Sterne, J. Medical statistics: chapter 29: regression modelling. In: Kirkwood, BR, Sterne, JAC, eds. Essential Medical Statistics. 2nd ed. Blackwell Science; 2003.
Google Scholar49. Dessalegn, M, Kumie, A, Tefera, W. Predictors of under-five childhood diarrhea: Mecha District, west Gojam, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2011;25:192-200.
Google Scholar50. Sisay, MM, Atnafu, A, Demissie, GD, Tessema, ZT. Geographical disparities and determinants of childhood diarrheal illness in Ethiopia: further analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Trop Med Health. 2020;48:64.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline51. Edwin, P, Azage, M. Geographical variations and factors associated with childhood diarrhea in Tanzania: a National Population Based Survey 2015-16. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2019;29:513-524.
Google Scholar | Medline52. Christa, L, Walker, L, Perin, J, Martin, J, Bochi-Pinto, C, Robert, E. Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:220.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline53. Siziya, S, Muula, AS, Rudatsikira, E. Correlates of diarrhoea among children below the age of 5 years in Sudan. Afr Health Sci. 2013;13:376-383.
Google Scholar | Medline54. Li, R, Lai, Y, Feng, C, Dev, R, Wang, Y, Hao, Y. Diarrhea in under five year-old children in Nepal: a spatiotemporal analysis based on Demographic and Health Survey data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:2140.
Google Scholar55. Bawankule, R, Singh, A, Kumar, K, Shetye, S. Does measles vaccination reduce the risk of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhea in children: a multi-country study? PLoS One. 2017;12:e0169713