1.
White, RF, Steele, L, O’Callaghan, JP, et al. Recent research on Gulf War illness and other health problems in veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: effects of toxicant exposures during deployment. Cortex. 2016;74:449-475.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline2.
Binns, J, Barlow, C, Bloom, FE, et al. Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans’ Illnesses: Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans: Scientific Findings and Recommendations. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2008.
Google Scholar3.
Unwin, C, Blatchley, N, Coker, W, et al. Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet. 1999;353(9148):169-178.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline4.
Hotopf, M, David, A, Hull, L, Ismail, K, Unwin, C, Wessely, S. Role of vaccinations as risk factors for ill health in veterans of the Gulf war: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2000;320(7246):1363-1367.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline5.
Mawson, AR, Croft, AM. Gulf War illness: unifying hypothesis for a continuing health problem. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):111.
Google Scholar |
Crossref6.
Rook, GA, Zumla, A. Gulf War syndrome: is it due to a systemic shift in cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile? Lancet. 1997;349(9068):1831-1833.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline7.
Hotopf, M. Reanalysis of Gulf war vaccination data does not contradict findings. BMJ. 2000;321(7263):761-762.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline8.
Cherry, N, Creed, F, Silman, A, et al. Health and exposures of United Kingdom Gulf war veterans. Part II: the relation of health to exposure. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58(5):299-306.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline9.
Steele, L, Sastre, A, Gerkovich, MM, Cook, MR. Complex factors in the etiology of Gulf War illness: wartime exposures and risk factors in veteran subgroups. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(1):112-118.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline10.
Boyd, KC, Hallman, WK, Wartenberg, D, Fiedler, N, Brewer, NT, Kipen, HM. Reported exposures, stressors, and life events among Gulf War registry veterans. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45(12):1247-1256.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline11.
Asa, PB, Cao, Y, Garry, RF. Antibodies to squalene in Gulf War syndrome. Exp Mol Pathol. 2000;68(1):55-64.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline12.
Asa, PB, Wilson, RB, Garry, RF. Antibodies to squalene in recipients of anthrax vaccine. Exp Mol Pathol. 2002;73(1):19-27.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline13.
Phillips, CJ, Matyas, GR, Hansen, CJ, Alving, CR, Smith, TC, Ryan, MA. Antibodies to squalene in US Navy Persian Gulf War veterans with chronic multisymptom illness. Vaccine. 2009;27(29):3921-3926.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline14.
Golomb, BA, Nguyen, E, Dinkeloo, E. Radiation exposure predicts reported vaccine adverse effects in veterans with Gulf War illness. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19):7136.
Google Scholar |
Crossref15.
Golomb, BA. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and Gulf War illnesses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(11):4295-4300.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline16.
Spencer, PS, McCauley, LA, Lapidus, JA, Lasarev, M, Joos, SK, Storzbach, D. Self-reported exposures and their association with unexplained illness in a population-based case-control study of Gulf War veterans. J Occup Environ Med. 2001;43(12):1041-1056.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline17.
Winkenwerder, W. Environmental Exposure Report. US Department of Defense; 2003.
Google Scholar18.
Sullivan, K, Krengel, M, Bradford, W, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in military pesticide applicators from the Gulf War: effects on information processing speed, attention and visual memory. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2018;65:1-13.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline19.
Blain, PG. Organophosphorus poisoning (acute). BMJ Clin Evid. 2011;2011:2102.
Google Scholar |
Medline20.
Stephens, R, Sreenivasan, B. Neuropsychological effects of long-term low-level organophosphate exposure in orchard sprayers in England. Arch Environ Health. 2004;59(11):566-574.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline21.
Chao, LL, Raymond, MR, Leo, CK, Abadjian, LR. Evidence of hippocampal structural alterations in Gulf War veterans with predicted exposure to the Khamisiyah plume. J Occup Environ Med. 2017;59(10):923-929.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline22.
Abdel-Rahman, A, Shetty, AK, Abou-Donia, MB. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and neuronal cell death in cingulate cortex, dentate gyrus, thalamus, and hypothalamus in a rat model of Gulf-War syndrome. Neurobiol Dis. 2002;10(3):306-326.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline23.
Abdullah, L, Crynen, G, Reed, J, et al. Proteomic CNS profile of delayed cognitive impairment in mice exposed to Gulf War agents. Neuromolecular Med. 2011;13(4):275-288.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline24.
Parihar, VK, Hattiangady, B, Shuai, B, Shetty, AK. Mood and memory deficits in a model of Gulf War illness are linked with reduced neurogenesis, partial neuron loss, and mild inflammation in the hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(12):2348-2362.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline25.
Locker, AR, Michalovicz, LT, Kelly, KA, Miller, JV, Miller, DB, O’Callaghan, JP. Corticosterone primes the neuroinflammatory response to Gulf War illness-relevant organophosphates independently of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. J Neurochem. 2017;142(3):444-455.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline26.
Naughton, SX, Terry, AV Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure. Toxicology. 2018;408:101-112.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline27.
Chao, LL, Rothlind, JC, Cardenas, VA, Meyerhoff, DJ, Weiner, MW. Effects of low-level exposure to sarin and cyclosarin during the 1991 Gulf War on brain function and brain structure in US veterans. Neurotoxicology. 2010;31(5):493-501.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline28.
Van Riper, SM, Alexander, AL, Koltyn, KF, et al. Cerebral white matter structure is disrupted in Gulf War veterans with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain. 2017;158(12):2364-2375.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline29.
Cheng, CH, Koo, BB, Calderazzo, S, et al. Alterations in high-order diffusion imaging in veterans with Gulf War illness is associated with chemical weapons exposure and mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:281-290.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline30.
Zhang, Y, Avery, T, Vakhtin, AA, et al. Brainstem atrophy in Gulf War illness. Neurotoxicology. 2020;78:71-79.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline31.
Dickey, B, Madhu, LN, Shetty, AK. Gulf War illness: mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction and promising therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;220:107716.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline32.
Trageser, KJ, Sebastian-Valverde, M, Naughton, SX, Pasinetti, GM. The innate immune system and inflammatory priming: potential mechanistic factors in mood disorders and Gulf War illness. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:704.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline33.
Warrington, R. Drug allergy: causes and desensitization. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8(10):1513-1524.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline34.
Mokarizadeh, A, Faryabi, MR, Rezvanfar, MA, Abdollahi, M. A comprehensive review of pesticides and the immune dysregulation: mechanisms, evidence and consequences. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2015;25(4):258-278.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline35.
Li, B, Eyer, P, Eddleston, M, Jiang, W, Schopfer, LM, Lockridge, O. Protein tyrosine adduct in humans self-poisoned by chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013;269(3):215-225.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline36.
John, H, van der Schans, MJ, Koller, M, et al. Fatal sarin poisoning in Syria 2013: forensic verification within an international laboratory network. Forensic Toxicol. 2018;36(1):61-71.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline37.
Noort, D, van Zuylen, A, Fidder, A, van Ommen, B, Hulst, AG. Protein adduct formation by glucuronide metabolites of permethrin. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008;21(7):1396-1406.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline38.
Thiphom, S, Prapamontol, T, Chantara, S, et al. Determination of the pyrethroid insecticide metabolite 3-PBA in plasma and urine samples from farmer and consumer groups in northern Thailand. J Environ Sci Health B. 2014;49(1):15-22.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline39.
Joshi, U, Pearson, A, Evans, JE, et al. A permethrin metabolite is associated with adaptive immune responses in Gulf War illness. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;81:545-559.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline40.
Abu-Qare, AW, Abou-Donia, MB. In vitro metabolism and interactions of pyridostigmine bromide, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, and permethrin in human plasma and liver microsomal enzymes. Xenobiotica. 2008;38(3):294-313.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline41.
Karlsson, I, Samuelsson, K, Simonsson, C, et al. The fate of a Hapten - from the skin to modification of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in lymph nodes. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):2895.
Google Scholar |
Crossref42.
Gefen, T, Vaya, J, Khatib, S, et al. The effect of haptens on protein-carrier immunogenicity. Immunology. 2015;144(1):116-126.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline43.
Lanzavecchia, A. Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature. 1985;314(6011):537-539.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline44.
Vojdani, A, Thrasher, JD. Cellular and humoral immune abnormalities in Gulf War veterans. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(8):840-846.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline45.
Johnson, GJ, Slater, BC, Leis, LA, Rector, TS, Bach, RR. Blood biomarkers of chronic inflammation in Gulf War illness. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157855.
Google Scholar |
Crossref46.
Whistler, T, Fletcher, MA, Lonergan, W, et al. Impaired immune function in Gulf War illness. BMC Med Genomics. 2009;2:12.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline47.
Zhang, Q, Zhou, XD, Denny, T, et al. Changes in immune parameters seen in Gulf War veterans but not in civilians with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999;6(1):6-13.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline48.
Campbell, JP, Guy, K, Cosgrove, C, Florida-James, GD, Simpson, RJ. Total lymphocyte CD8 expression is not a reliable marker of cytotoxic T-cell populations in human peripheral blood following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(3):375-380.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline49.
Everson, MP, Shi, K, Aldridge, P, Bartolucci, AA, Blackburn, WD. Immunological responses are not abnormal in symptomatic Gulf War veterans. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;966:327-342.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline50.
Skowera, A, Hotopf, M, Sawicka, E, et al. Cellular immune activation in Gulf War veterans. J Clin Immunol. 2004;24(1):66-73.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline51.
Smylie, AL, Broderick, G, Fernandes, H, et al. A comparison of sex-specific immune signatures in Gulf War illness and chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Immunol. 2013;14:29.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Comments (0)