Weledji EP. Cytokines and the metabolic response to surgery. J Clin Cell Immunol 2014; 5: 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899.1000197

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lin E, Calvano SE, Lowry SF. Inflammatory cytokines and cell response in surgery. Surgery 2000; 127: 117–26. https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2000.101584

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choileain NN, Paul Redmond H. Cell response to surgery. Arch Surg 2006; 141: 1132–40. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.141.11.1132

Article  Google Scholar 

Duchesne JC, Tatum D, Jones G, et al. Multi-institutional analysis of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with severe hemorrhage: a new mortality predictor value. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83: 888–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000001683

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dilektasli E, Inaba K, Haltmeier T, et al. The prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on mortality in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81: 882–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000000980

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Yang J, Li B, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a novel predictor of outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2018; 33: E53–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000000320

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hwang SY, Shin TG, Jo IJ, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic marker in critically-ill septic patients. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 35: 234–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.10.055

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan LL, Wang YJ, Nan CJ, Chen YH, Su HX. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is associated with all-cause mortality among critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 490: 207–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2018.09.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li W, Ai X, Ni Y, Ye Z, Liang Z. The association between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study. Shock 2019; 51: 161–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/shk.0000000000001136

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma A, Cheng J, Yang J, Dong M, Liao X, Kang Y. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictive biomarker for moderate-severe ARDS in severe COVID-19 patients. Crit Care 2020; 24: 288. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03007-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Liu Y, Xiang P, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage. J Transl Med 2020; 18: 206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02374-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee S, Oh SY, Kim SH, et al. Prognostic significance of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and platelet lymphocyte ratio in advanced gastric cancer patients treated with FOLFOX chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 350. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-350

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He W, Yin C, Guo G, et al. Initial neutrophil lymphocyte ratio is superior to platelet lymphocyte ratio as an adverse prognostic and predictive factor in metastatic colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30: 439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-012-0439-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng JF, Huang Y, Zhao Q, Chen QX. Clinical significance of preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio versus platelet lymphocyte ratio in patients with small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Sci World J 2013; 2013: 504365. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/504365

Article  Google Scholar 

Szkandera J, Absenger G, Liegl-Atzwanger B, et al. Elevated preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor prognosis in soft-tissue sarcoma patients. Br J Cancer 2013; 108: 1677–83. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.135

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Galun D, Bogdanovic A, Djokic Kovac J, et al. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic predictor after curative-intent surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: experience from a developing country. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10: 977–988.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jung MR, Park YK, Jeong O, et al. Elevated preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts poor survival following resection in late stage gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104: 504–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.21986

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JY, Park T, Jeong SH, et al. Prognostic importance of baseline neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with advanced papillary thyroid carcinomas. Endocrine 2014; 46: 526–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0089-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walsh SR, Cook EJ, Goulder F, Justin TA, Keeling NJ. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2005; 91: 181–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.20329

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hung HY, Chen JS, Yeh CY, et al. Effect of preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio on the surgical outcomes of stage II colon cancer patients who do not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26: 1059–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-011-1192-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharaiha RZ, Halazun KJ, Mirza F, et al. Elevated preoperative neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of postoperative disease recurrence in esophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 3362–9. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-011-1754-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Halazun KJ, Aldoori A, Malik HZ, et al. Elevated preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts survival following hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34: 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2007.02.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tomita M, Shimizu T, Ayabe T, Yonei A, Onitsuka T. Preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic predictor after curative resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 2011; 31: 2995–8. Available from URL: https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/anticanres/31/9/2995.full.pdf (accessed April 2025).

Keizman D, Ish-Shalom M, Huang P, et al. The association of pre-treatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio with response rate, progression free survival and overall survival of patients treated with sunitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48: 202–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2011.09.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim HS, Han KH, Chung HH, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio for preoperative diagnosis of uterine sarcomas: a case-matched comparison. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 36: 691–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2010.05.004

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcea G, Ladwa N, Neal CP, Metcalfe MS, Dennison AR, Berry DP. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with reduced disease-free survival following curative resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. World J Surg 2011; 35: 868–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-0984-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forget P, Machiels JP, Coulie PG, et al. Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and intraoperative use of ketorolac or diclofenac are prognostic factors in different cohorts of patients undergoing breast, lung, and kidney cancer surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20: 650–60. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-3136-x

Article  Google Scholar 

An X, Ding PR, Li YH, et al. Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts survival in advanced pancreatic cancer. Biomarkers 2010; 15: 516–22. https://doi.org/10.3109/1354750x.2010.491557

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kishi Y, Kopetz S, Chun YS, Palavecino M, Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN. Blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with systemic chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 614–22. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-008-0267-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fox P, Hudson M, Brown C, et al. Markers of systemic inflammation predict survival in patients with advanced renal cell cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109: 147–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.300