More accurate data of the anatomical location of the lymphatic system in relation to the surrounding anatomy is required to optimize radiotherapy treatment planning. To accurately visualize/map these anatomical relationships in 3D, contrast agent needs to be injected into the lymphatic vessels, so they are visible on medical imaging data (CT/micro-CT). Retrograde lymphatic injections (injections against the lymphatic flow/valve direction) have theoretical advantages for lymphatic mapping studies, but more data on lymphatic vessel wall and valve behavior is needed to optimize retrograde lymphatic injection methodologies.

Quickly alternating (30 sec) infusion pressures were tested on thoracic duct specimens and experiments were recorded using a surgical microscope. Manual injection was added after each pressure sequence.

Infusion pressures up to and including 25 mmHg frequently showed retrograde filling. Above pressures of 25 mmHg, retrograde filling was rare and lymphatic valves frequently withstood infusion pressures of up to 75 mmHg. Microscopic video recordings proved very useful for data analysis.

Quickly alternating infusion pressures did not stimulate valve breakage, but seemed to protect lymphatic walls from ruptures at higher pressures. A distinction between inherently weak valves, and strong valves that can withstand infusion pressures of up to 75 mmHg was uncovered. Retrograde filling sometimes coincides with antegrade filling, depending on lymphatic network organization, but this can be beneficial for lymphatic mapping. Flow through lymph nodes should be studied in more detail in future retrograde injection studies, since different types of lymph nodes were encountered that showed distinct filling patterns.

Lymphatic system

Thoracic duct

Lymphatic valves

Retrograde injection

Pressure experiment

Thiel embalming

Human anatomy

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