Miller KD, Ostrom QT, Kruchko C, Patil N, Tihan T, Cioffi G, et al. Brain and other central nervous system tumor statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(5):381–406.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Lang F, Chou FJ, Zaghloul KA, Yang C. Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in glioma: genetics, biochemistry, and clinical indications. Biomedicines. 2020;8(9):294.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jiang S, Zanazzi GJ, Hassanpour S. Predicting prognosis and IDH mutation status for patients with lower-grade gliomas using whole slide images. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16849.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Miller JJ, Gonzalez Castro LN, McBrayer S, Weller M, Cloughesy T, Portnow J, et al. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas: a Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) consensus review on diagnosis, management, and future directions. Neuro Oncol. 2023;25(1):4–25.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leighton C, Fisher B, Bauman G, Depiero S, Stitt L, MacDonald D, et al. Supratentorial low-grade glioma in adults: an analysis of prognostic factors and timing of radiation. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(4):1294–301.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cavaliere R, Lopes MBS, Schiff D. Low-grade gliomas: an update on pathology and therapy. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(11):760–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klein M. Neurocognitive functioning in adult WHO grade II gliomas: impact of old and new treatment modalities. Neuro Oncol. 2012 Sep 1;14(suppl 4):iv17–24.

Miotto EC, Silva Junior A, Silva CC, Cabrera HN, Machado MAR, Benute GRG, et al. Cognitive impairments in patients with low grade gliomas and high grade gliomas. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69(4):596–601.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rimmer B, Balla M, Dutton L, Williams S, Lewis J, Gallagher P, et al. “It changes everything”: understanding how people experience the impact of living with a lower-grade glioma. Neurooncol Pract. 2024;11(3):255–65.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Struik K, Klein M, Heimans JJ, Gielissen MF, Bleijenberg G, Taphoorn MJ, et al. Fatigue in low-grade glioma. J Neurooncol. 2009;92(1):73–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Umezaki S, Shinoda Y, Mukasa A, Tanaka S, Takayanagi S, Oka H, et al. Factors associated with health-related quality of life in patients with glioma: impact of symptoms and implications for rehabilitation. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2020;50(9):990–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frances SM, Velikova G, Klein M, Short SC, Murray L, Wright JM, et al. Long-term impact of adult WHO grade II or III gliomas on health-related quality of life: a systematic review. Neurooncol Pract. 2022;9(1):3–17.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rimmer B, Bolnykh I, Dutton L, Lewis J, Burns R, Gallagher P, et al. Health-related quality of life in adults with low-grade gliomas: a systematic review. Qual Life Res. 2023;32(3):625–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: central nervous system cancers. Version 3. 2024.

Weller M, van den Bent M, Preusser M, Le Rhun E, Tonn JC, Minniti G, et al. EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18(3):170–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohile NA, Messersmith H, Gatson NT, Hottinger AF, Lassman A, Morton J, et al. Therapy for diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors in adults: ASCO-SNO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(4):403–26.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rudà R, Capper D, Waldman AD, Pallud J, Minniti G, Kaley TJ, et al. EANO-EURACAN-SNO guidelines on circumscribed astrocytic gliomas, glioneuronal, and neuronal tumors. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(12):2015–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wen PY, van den Bent M, Youssef G, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM, Weller M, et al. RANO 2.0: update to the response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria for high- and low-grade gliomas in adults. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(33):5187–99.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alshiekh Nasany R, de la Fuente MI. Therapies for IDH-mutant gliomas. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2023;23(5):225–33.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barisano G, Bergamaschi S, Acharya J, Rajamohan A, Gibbs W, Kim P, et al. Complications of radiotherapy and radiosurgery in the brain and spine. Neurographics. 2018;8(3):167–87.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mellinghoff IK, van den Bent MJ, Blumenthal DT, Touat M, Peters KB, Clarke J, et al. Vorasidenib in IDH1- or IDH2-mutant low-grade glioma. New Engl J Med. 2023;389(7):589–601.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brazier J, Ara R, Azzabi I, Busschbach J, Chevrou-Séverac H, Crawford B, et al. Identification, review, and use of health state utilities in cost-effectiveness models: an ISPOR good practices for outcomes research task force report. Value Health. 2019;22(3):267–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE health technology evaluations: the manual [Internet]. 2022. www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg36

Cherng HRR, Qu M, Zafari Z, Bentzen SM, Armstrong TS, Gondi V, et al. Evaluating the sensitivity of EQ-5D-5L in patients with brain metastases: a secondary analysis of NRG CC001. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2024;116(6):983–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mellinghoff IK, van den Bent MJ, Blumenthal DT, Touat M, Peters KB, Clarke J, et al. KS02.6.A INDIGO: a global, randomized, double-blinded, phase III study of vorasidenib versus placebo in patients with residual or recurrent grade 2 glioma with an IDH1/2 mutation. Neuro Oncol. 2023;25:4–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macmillan Cancer Support. Macmillan brain cancer forum [Internet]. [cited 2025 Feb 28]. https://community.macmillan.org.uk

Elo S, Kyngäs H. The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv Nurs. 2008;62(1):107–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prolific. Prolific [Internet]. London, UK: Prolific; 2014. https://www.prolific.com. Accessed 28 Feb 2025.

Office for National Statistics. 2011 Census data [Internet]. https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census. Accessed 28 Feb 2025.

Qualtrics. Qualtrics XM platform TM. Provo, Utah, USA; 2024.

Hernández Alava M, Pudney S, Wailoo A. Estimating the relationship between EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L: results from a UK population study. Pharmacoeconomics. 2023;41(2):199–207.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morton F, Singh Nijar J. Package “eq5d”—methods for analysing “EQ-5D” data and calculating “EQ-5D” index scores [Internet]. 2025. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/eq5d/eq5d.pdf. Accessed 28 Feb 2025.

The University of Sheffield. NICE Decision Support Unit [Internet]. https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/nice-dsu. Accessed 28 Feb 2025.

Ara R, Brazier JE. Populating an economic model with health state utility values: moving toward better practice. Value Health. 2010;13(5):509–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson AJ, Sutton M, Payne K. Estimating joint health condition utility values. Value Health. 2019;22(4):482–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gregg N, Arber A, Ashkan K, Brazil L, Bhangoo R, Beaney R, et al. Neurobehavioural changes in patients following brain tumour: patients and relatives perspective. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(11):2965–72.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pouratian N, Gasco J, Sherman JH, Shaffrey ME, Schiff D. Toxicity and efficacy of protracted low dose temozolomide for the treatment of low grade gliomas. J Neurooncol. 2007;82(3):281–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS