Ismail SB, Kumar SKS, Zain RB. Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and malignant transformation. J Oral Sci. 2007;49:89–106. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.49.89.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shalaby R, Nawawy ME, Selim K, Bahaa S, Refai SE, Maksoud AE, Sayed ME, Essawy A, Elshaer A, ElShaer M, Kamel MM, Gamil Y. The role of vitamin D in amelioration of oral lichen planus and its effect on salivary and tissue IFN-γ level: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24: 813. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04239-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mozaffari HR, Sharifi R, Hayati M, Imani MM, Lopez-Jornet P, Golshah A, Moradpoor H, Rezaei R, Sadeghi M. Evaluation of serum and salivary interferon-γ levels in patients with oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;127:210–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2018.11.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saeed S, Choudhury P, Ahmad SA, Alam T, Panigrahi R, Aziz S, Kaleem SM, Priyadarshini SR, Sahoo PK, Hasan S. Vitamin D in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Biomedicines. 2022;10: 2964. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112964.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bakhtiari S, Taheri JB, Toossi P, Azimi S, Kawosi Nezhad S. Prevalence of oral lichen planus in Iranian children and adolescents: a 12-year retrospective study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-017-0315-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Budimir V, Richter I, Andabak-Rogulj A, Vučićević-Boras V, Budimir J, Brailo V. Oral lichen planus - retrospective study of 563 Croatian patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014;19: 10.4317/medoral.18940.

Google Scholar 

Silverman S, Gorsky M, Lozada-Nur F, Giannotti K. A prospective study of findings and management in 214 patients with oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(91)90007-Y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radochová V, Ivančaková RK, Heneberk O, Slezák R. The characteristics of patients with oral lichen planus and malignant transformation—a retrospective study of 271 patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18: 10.3390/ijerph18126525.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ślebioda Z, Drożdżyńska J, Karpińska A, Krzyżaniak A, Kasperczak M, Tomoń N, Wiśniewska P, Wyganowska ML. Oral lichen planus: clinical presentation, demographic characteristics, and risk factors in a retrospective study of 186 Polish patients. J Clin Med. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237363.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alrashdan MS, Cirillo N, McCullough M. Oral lichen planus: a literature review and update. Arch Dermatol Res. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-016-1667-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Sousa FACG, Rosa LEB. Oral lichen planus: clinical and histopathological considerations. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31102-2.

Li C, Tang X, Zheng X, Ge S, Wen H, Lin X, Chen Z, Lu L. Global prevalence and incidence estimates of oral lichen planus. JAMA Dermatol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3797.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Ruiz I, González-Ruiz L, Ayén Á, Lenouvel D, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ramos-García P. Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13323.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pakfetrat A, Javadzadeh-Bolouri A, Basir-Shabestari S, Falaki F. Oral lichen planus: a retrospective study of 420 Iranian patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(7):E315–8. https://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/v14i5/medoralv14i7p315.pdf.

Tsushima F, Sakurai J, Uesugi A, Oikawa Y, Ohsako T, Mochizuki Y, Hirai H, Kayamori K, Harada H. Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: a retrospective study of 565 Japanese patients. BMC Oral Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01652-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Zhang S, Wu X, Lei Y, Lei B, Zhao Z. Inflammatory cytokines and oral lichen planus: a mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332317.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

El-Howati A, Thornhill MH, Colley HE, Murdoch C. Immune mechanisms in oral lichen planus. Oral Dis. 2023;29:1400–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14142.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ, Zhao ZZ, Zhou XJ, Khan A, Seymour GJ, Bigby M. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13:350–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300405.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rotaru D, Chisnoiu R, Picos A, Picos A, Chisnoiu A. Treatment trends in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions (review). Exp Ther Med. 2020;20:1–1. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9328.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rice JB, White AG, Scarpati LM, Wan G, Nelson WW. Long-term systemic corticosteroid exposure: a systematic literature review. Clin Ther. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.09.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nukaly HY, Halawani IR, Alghamdi SMS, Alruwaili AG, Binhezaim A, Algahamdi RAA, Alzahrani RAJ, Alharamlah FSS, Aldumkh SHS, Alasqah HMA, Alamri A, Jfri A. Oral lichen planus: a narrative review navigating etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and therapeutic approaches. J Clin Med. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175280.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H. A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol. 2023;9(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-9-30.

Singer B, Chaimovitz D, Bucek T, Dayon E, Abbott-Korumi A, Spatz M, Makkapati T, Petrosyan H, Delavaux L. Corticosteroid use in musculoskeletal and neuraxial interventions: effects on glycemic control. Medicina (B Aires). 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61050936.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Interventions for oral lichen planus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Aust Dent J. 2021;66:295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12835.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abduelmula A, Bagit A, Mufti A, Yeung KCY, Yeung J. The use of Janus kinase inhibitors for lichen planus: an evidence-based review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/12034754231156100.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leong XY, Gopinath D, Syeed SM, Veettil SK, Shetty NY, Menon RK. Comparative efficacy and safety of interventions for the treatment of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082763.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao HN, Jiang M, Sun MJ, Dai C. The efficacy and safety of infliximab and calcineurin inhibitors in steroid-refractory UC patients: a meta-analysis. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjg.sjg_145_21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sotoodian B, Lo J, Lin A. Efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in oral lichen planus. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475415591936.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becker JC, Houben R, Vetter CS, Bröcker EB. The carcinogenic potential of tacrolimus ointment beyond immune suppression: a hypothesis creating case report. BMC Cancer. 2006;6: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Manchanda Y, Rathi SK, Joshi A, Das S. Oral lichen planus: an updated review of etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2024;15: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_652_22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Razavi AC, Mehta A, Sperling LS. Statin therapy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: pros. Atherosclerosis. 2022;356:41–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.07.004.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greethurst AR, Galletti C, Lo Giudice R, Nart J, Vallés C, Real-Voltas F, Gay-Escoda C, Marchetti E. The use of statins as an adjunctive periodontal disease treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Dent J (Basel). 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12060150.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davies JT, Delfino SF, Feinberg CE, Johnson MF, Nappi VL, Olinger JT, Schwab AP, Swanson HI. Current and emerging uses of statins in clinical therapeutics: a review. Lipid Insights. 2016;9: 10.4137/LPI.S37450.