Microbial methane utilization (known as methanotrophy) serves as a gatekeeper of methane emissions in numerous ecosystems. Methanotrophy became a platform for the production of biofuels, value-added chemicals, and novel molecules from natural or renewable gas. Methanotroph- driven Methanotroph-driven processes enable novel solutions for bioremediation, biomining of minerals, methane mitigation, and agriculture. All applications rely on in-depth understanding of methanotroph biochemistry, genetics, physiology, and ecological fitness.

Here, we review recent advances in the enzymology of methane utilization and methanotroph carbon assimilation pathways as well as progress toward engineering both native and synthetic methanotrophs. New bioreactor approaches to overcoming methane and oxygen mass transfer limitations are also described. Continued research in these areas is critical to future success in methanotroph optimization for industrial processes.