Ahmed, M.A., S. Amin, and Mohamed, A.A. (2023). Fouling in reverse osmosis membranes: monitoring, characterization, mitigation strategies and future directions. Heliyon, 9(4).

Ganji, F., et al. (2024). Evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of wastewater and sludge of Zahedan urban wastewater treatment plant for reuse. Heliyon, 10(2).

Abdipour, H., et al. (2024). Investigating the efficiency of fixed bed column containing Fe3O4-ZIF8@ eggshell membrane matrix in concurrent adsorption of arsenic and nitrate from water. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 288, 117359.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ahmed, M.A., et al., Enhancing the Adsorption Capacity of SnS2-g-C3N4 through Chitosan Integration: Insights from Structural and Optical Characterization. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2025: p. 106321.

Ahmed, M.A. and Mohamed A.A. (2025). Adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of colored pollutants from wastewaters: a critical review. Nutrients and Colored Compounds in Wastewater, 393–431.

Adel, M., et al. (2022). Characterization of fouling for a full-scale seawater reverse osmosis plant on the Mediterranean sea: Membrane autopsy and chemical cleaning efficiency. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 16, 100704.

Article  Google Scholar 

Villacorte, L., et al. (2017). Biofouling in capillary and spiral wound membranes facilitated by marine algal bloom. Desalination, 424, 74–84.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gude, V. G., & Fthenakis, V. (2020). Energy efficiency and renewable energy utilization in desalination systems. Progress in Energy, 2(2), 022003.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huisman, K. T., Blankert, B., Horn, H., Wagner, M., Vrouwenvelder, J. S., Bucs, S., & Fortunato, L. (2024). Noninvasive monitoring of fouling in membrane processes by optical coherence tomography: a review. Journal of Membrane Science, 692, 122291.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sun, X., et al. (2024). The mechanism of silica and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) on reverse osmosis membranes fouling. Journal of Environmental Management, 349, 119634.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ahmed, M.A. and Mohamed A.A. (2024). Evaluation and optimization of antiscalant substances for enhanced reverse osmosis performance. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 101923.

Ahmed, M. A., Mahmoud, S. A., & Mohamed, A. A. (2024a). Nanomaterials-modified reverse osmosis membranes: A comprehensive review. RSC Advances, 14(27), 18879–18906.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang, S., et al. (2023). Biofouling initiation on a microfiltration membrane related to deposition and adhesion of bacteria from the perspective of interface interactions. Desalination, 545, Article 116151.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xie, Z., et al. (2017). Comparison of polysaccharide fouling in forward osmosis and reverse osmosis separations. Desalination, 402, 174–184.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhao, B., et al. (2023). Effect of fulvic acid on transparent exopolymer particle formation and membrane fouling. Separation and Purification Technology, 305, 122369.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sarkar, P. K., et al. (2022). Anti-barnacle biofouling coatings for the protection of marine vessels: Synthesis and progress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(18), 26078–26112.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Abushaban, A., et al. (2022). Biofouling potential indicators to assess pretreatment and mitigate biofouling in SWRO membranes: A short review. Desalination, 527, 115543.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kucera, J. (2019). Biofouling of polyamide membranes: Fouling mechanisms, current mitigation and cleaning strategies, and future prospects. Membranes, 9(9), 111.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Armendáriz-Ontiveros, M., et al. (2019). Biofouling performance of RO membranes coated with Iron NPs on graphene oxide. Desalination, 451, 45–58.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim, H., et al. (2024). Biofouling mitigation of a membrane bioreactor for industrial wastewater treatment by quorum quenching. Journal of Membrane Science, 690, 122198.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Firouzjaei, M. D., et al. (2020). Recent advances in functionalized polymer membranes for biofouling control and mitigation in forward osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science, 596, 117604.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang, Q., et al. (2014). Characterization of biofouling in a lab-scale forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (FOMBR). Water Research, 58, 141–151.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang, H., et al. (2022). Advancing strategies of biofouling control in water-treated polymeric membranes. Polymers, 14(6), 1167.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Talluri, S. N., Winter, R. M., & Salem, D. R. (2020). Conditioning film formation and its influence on the initial adhesion and biofilm formation by a cyanobacterium on photobioreactor materials. Biofouling, 36(2), 183–199.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bar-Zeev, E., et al. (2015). Transparent exopolymer particles: From aquatic environments and engineered systems to membrane biofouling. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(2), 691–707.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pan, Z., et al. (2022). Fundamental thermodynamic mechanisms of membrane fouling caused by transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in water treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 820, 153252.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meng, S., et al. (2020). The role of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in membrane fouling: A critical review. Water Research, 181, 115930.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bar-Zeev, E., et al. (2012). Revised paradigm of aquatic biofilm formation facilitated by microgel transparent exopolymer particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(23), 9119–9124.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vanysacker, L., et al. (2014). Biofouling ecology as a means to better understand membrane biofouling. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98, 8047–8072.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Matin, A., et al. (2011). Biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination: Phenomena and prevention. Desalination, 281, 1–16.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guo, W., Ngo, H.-H., & Li, J. (2012). A mini-review on membrane fouling. Bioresource Technology, 122, 27–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gao, D., et al. (2025). New insights into biofilm formation and microbial communities in hybrid constructed wetlands with functional substrates for treating contaminated surface water. Bioresource Technology, 416, 131741.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shi, Y., et al. (2017). Exploiting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) controlling strategies for performance enhancement of biological wastewater treatments: An overview. Chemosphere, 180, 396–411.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Giaouris, E., Chorianopoulos, N., & Nychas, G.-J. (2005). Effect of temperature, pH, and water activity on biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica Enteritidis PT4 on stainless steel surfaces as indicated by the bead vortexing method and conductance measurements. Journal of Food Protection, 68(10), 2149–2154.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pompermayer, D. M., & Gaylarde, C. C. (2000). The influence of temperature on the adhesion of mixed cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to polypropylene. Food Microbiology, 17(4), 361–365.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Farhat, N., et al. (2016a). Effect of water temperature on biofouling development in reverse osmosis membrane systems. Water Research, 103, 149–159.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Melo, L.F. and Flemming H.-C. (2010) 18 Mechanistic aspects of heat exchanger and membrane biofouling and prevention.

Baek, Y., et al. (2011). Effect of surface properties of reverse osmosis membranes on biofouling occurrence under filtration conditions. Journal of Membrane Science, 382(1–2), 91–99.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen, X., et al. (2013). Dynamics of biofilm formation under different nutrient levels and the effect on biofouling of a reverse osmosis membrane system. Biofouling, 29(3), 319–330.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang, S., Voutchkov, N., & Jiang, S. C. (2013). Investigation of environmental influences on membrane biofouling in a Southern California desalination pilot plant. Desalination, 319, 1–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang, S., Voutchkov, N., & Jiang, S. (2019). Balancing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in seawater as a strategy to prevent accelerated membrane biofouling. Water Research, 165, 114978.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhuo, T., et al. (2023). Micro-pressure promotes endogenous phosphorus release in a deep reservoir by favouring microbial phosphate mineralisation and solubilisation coupled with sulphate reduction. Water Research, 245, 120647.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meng, L., et al. (2024). Biofilms in plastisphere from freshwater wetlands: Biofilm formation, bacterial community assembly, and biogeochemical cycles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 476, 134930.

Article