This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (grant number JP20K0978), a grant from the National Center for Child Health and Development (grant numbers 30-23 and 2021B-6), and a grant for the multicenter study from the Japanese Association for Strabismus and Amblyopia. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing. List of contributors: Kiyomu Akiyama, Ryo Ando, Yuki Ando, Shinji Arai, Syunsuke Araki, Takao Endo, Ayame Ezuka, Etsuko Fujihara, Shunsuke Fujioka, Mari Gamo, Miwako Gotoh, Misako Hagihara, Junko Hanaya, Takashi Haseoka, Takao Hayashi, Atsuko Hirahara, Kyoko Hirakata, Kaori Hirano, Kohji Hoshina, Yoshiaki Ichibe, Fumiko Ikeda, Risako Inagaki, Maki Iwasa, Mayumi Iwasa, Chie Iwase, Emi Iwata, Tomoko Kaida, Sayaka Kamada, Tomoka Kambe, Atsuko Kato, Naoko Kawano, Masumi Kimijima, Yuugou Kimura, Fumiko Kishimoto, Motohiro Kiyosawa, Toshitake Kora, Ryo Kosaki, Reika Kouno, Hiroko Maeda, Kyouichi Matsuda, Tadashi Matsumoto, Miharu Mihara, Atsushi Miki, Emiko Miki, Tamae Mitsuhashi, Mayumi Miyako, Tomoko Miyazato, Yoshito Mochizuki, Yuka Morita, Masako Nagano, Naoto Nakamura, Masanori Nakazawa, Takahiro Niida, Tomo Nishi, Kasumi Nishimura, Yoko Nishio, Chikako Nitta, Eiichiro Noda, Koji Nomura, Akiko Ohno-Tanaka, Hiromi Onouchi, Masahiro Ooba, Ryouko Osawa, Michiko Osuga, Mayumi Sato, Tomoya Sato, Fuki Shimizu, Kayo Shinomiya, Emiko Sugita, Taketoshi Suzuki, Yumi Suzuki, Takako Tachikawa, Yoshiko Takai, Yoshiko Takai, Chihiro Takemura, Koichi Tamaki, Mai Tanaka, Michiko Tanaka, Hideaki Tobita, Chizu Toge, Yurina Tokuse, Akane Tomita, Kaoru Tomita, Masahiro Tonari, Kazuko Totsuka, Nobuyoshi Totsuka, Tatsuya Tozawa, Youko Tsunemi, Noriko Tsutsumi, Sachiko Udagawa, Kaori Ueda, Satoshi Ueki, Yasuo Ueoka, Yoshiki Ueta, Makiko Ui, Takashi Utsumi, Yukiko Washio, Teiji Yagasaki, Keiko Yago, Masako Yamada, Yuko Yamada-Nakanishi, Risako Yamamoto, Aki Yanagisawa, Sayuri Yasuda, Tadashi Yokoi, Toshiyuki Yokoyama, Mayu Yoshida, Sayaka Yoshida. List of institutions: Ai Nerima Eyeclinic, Akabane Suzuran Eye Clinic, Ando Eye Clinic, Asahikawa Medical University, Chiba Children’s hospital, CS Eye Clinic, Daiyukai Daiichi Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University, Ehime University Hospital, Fukado Eye Clinic, Fukuoka Children’s Hospital, Fukushima Medical University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Heiwa Eye Clinic, Hidaka Hospital Heisei Hidaka Clinic, Hidetama Ichoka Ganka Clinic, Hinokuma Eye Clinic, Hirahara Eye Clinic, Hirakata Eye Clinic, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hoshi General Hospital Foundation, Hoshina Eye Clinic ,Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children’s Hospital, Ibara City Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Iwate Medical University, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Chukyo Hospital, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Jiyugaoka-Kiyosawa Eye Clinic, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Kagawa Saiseikai Hospital, Kagoshima Miyata Eye Clinic, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kaiya Eye Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University Yokohama Clinic, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kawasaki Medical School, Kimura Eye & Int Med Hospital, Kitasato University Hospital, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kono Eye Clinic, Koura Eye Clinic, Kozaki Eye Clinic, Kubota Eye Clinic, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Machida Hospital, Matsuda Ophthalmology Clinic, Matsue Red Cross Hospital, Mie University Hospital, Miki Eye Clinic, Miyata Eye Hospital, Nagata Eye Clinic, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, National Center for Child Health and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nishikasai-Inouye Eye Hospital, Nishio Hospital, Nishio Municipal Hospital, Nitta Ophthalmological Clinic, Ochanomizu-Inouye Eye Clinic, Oita University Hospital, Okada Eye Clinic, Okayama University Hospital, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Saitama Prefectaral Children’s Medical Center, Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital, Sapporo Ohba Eye Clinic, Sato Eye Clinic, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Shiga Medical Center for Children, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shinkawa Central Eye-Clinic, Shinseikai Toyama Hospital, Sugita Eye Hospital, Suzuki Eye Clinic Kichikoji, Takinomizu Eye Clinic, Tamaki Eye Clinic, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tobita Eye Clinic, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tohoku University Hospital, Tokai University School of Medicine, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Hospital Organization Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Ohtsuka Hospital, Totsuka Eye Clinic, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Ueno Eye Clinic, Ueoka Eye Clinic, University of Toyama, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Utsumi Ophthalmic Clinic, Yagasaki Eye Clinic, Yagihashi Ganka Iin, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center And Children ‘s Medical Center