Montero-Odasso M, van der Velde N, Martin FC, et al. World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative. Age Ageing. 2022;51(9):afac205.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelsey JL, Procter-Gray E, Hannan MT, et al. Heterogeneity of falls among older adults: implications for public health prevention. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(11):2149–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al. Will my patient fall? JAMA. 2007;297(1):77–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dhalwani NN, Fahami R, Sathanapally H, et al. Association between polypharmacy and falls in older adults: a longitudinal study from England. BMJ Open. 2017;7(10): e016358.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zaninotto P, Huang YT, Di Gessa G, et al. Polypharmacy is a risk factor for hospital admission due to a fall: evidence from the english longitudinal study of ageing. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1804.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kojima T, Akishita M, Nakamura T, et al. Polypharmacy as a risk for fall occurrence in geriatric outpatients. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2012;12(3):425–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry SD, Quach L, Procter-Gray E, et al. Poor adherence to medications may be associated with falls. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65(5):553–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morin L, Calderon Larrañaga A, Welmer AK, et al. Polypharmacy and injurious falls in older adults: a nationwide nested case-control study. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:483–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zia A, Kamaruzzaman SB, Tan MP. The consumption of two or more fall risk-increasing drugs rather than polypharmacy is associated with falls. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017;17(3):463–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lapumnuaypol K, Thongprayoon C, Wijarnpreecha K, et al. Risk of fall injury in patients taking proton pump inhibitors a meta-analysis 1123. Off J Am College Gastroenterol ACG. 2018;113:S647.

Article  Google Scholar 

de Vries M, Seppala LJ, Daams JG, et al. Fall-risk-increasing drugs a systematic review and meta-analysis I cardiovascular drugs. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(4):37.e11-371.e9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ham AC, Swart KM, Enneman AW, et al. Medication-related fall incidents in an older, ambulant population: the B-PROOF study. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(12):917–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park H, Satoh H, Miki A, et al. Medications associated with falls in older people: systematic review of publications from a recent 5-year period. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(12):1429–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seppala LJ, Wermelink A, de Vries M, et al. Fall-risk-increasing drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis: II. Psychotropics J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(4):371.e11-371.e17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu XJ, Tan MP. Anticholinergics and falls in older adults. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(3):285–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marcum ZA, Wirtz HS, Pettinger M, et al. Anticholinergic medication use and falls in postmenopausal women: findings from the women’s health initiative cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:76.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dauphinot V, Faure R, Omrani S, et al. Exposure to anticholinergic and sedative drugs, risk of falls, and mortality: an elderly inpatient, multicenter cohort. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(5):565–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katzenberger B, Koller D, Strobl R, et al. Exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medication is associated with impaired functioning in older people with vertigo, dizziness and balance disorders-Results from the longitudinal multicenter study MobilE-TRA. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1136757.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hilmer SN, Mager DE, Simonsick EM, et al. A drug burden index to define the functional burden of medications in older people. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(8):781–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson NM, Hilmer SN, March LM, et al. Associations between drug burden index and falls in older people in residential aged care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(5):875–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jamieson HA, Nishtala PS, Scrase R, et al. Drug burden and its association with falls among older adults in New Zealand: a national population cross-sectional study. Drugs Aging. 2018;35(1):73–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishtala PS, Narayan SW, Wang T, et al. Associations of drug burden index with falls, general practitioner visits, and mortality in older people. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014;23(7):753–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Molloy DW, Standish TI. A guide to the standardized Mini-Mental State Examination. Int psychogeriatr. 1997;9:87–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shenkin SD, Fox C, Goodacre S, et al. 131Utility of the 4AT rapid assessment instrument in assessment of delirium and cognitive impairment in acute care. Age Ageing. 2019;48:i38–i38.

Article  Google Scholar 

Freitas S, Simões MR, Marôco J, et al. Construct validity of the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(2):242–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kenny RA, Romero-Ortuno R, Cogan L. Falls. Medicine. 2013;41(1):24–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kouladjian L, Gnjidic D, Chen TF, et al. Drug burden index in older adults: theoretical and practical issues. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:1503–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wouters H, van der Meer H, Taxis K. Quantification of anticholinergic and sedative drug load with the drug burden index: a review of outcomes and methodological quality of studies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(3):257–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byrne CJ, Walsh C, Cahir C, et al. Anticholinergic and sedative drug burden in community-dwelling older people: a national database study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7): e022500.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boustani M, Campbell N, Munger S, et al. Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Health. 2008;4(3):311–20.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bishara D, Harwood D, Sauer J, et al. Anticholinergic effect on cognition (AEC) of drugs commonly used in older people: anticholinergic effect on cognition. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;32(6):650–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

George J, Phun Y-T, Bailey MJ, et al. Development and validation of the medication regimen complexity index. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(9):1369–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirsch JD, Metz KR, Hosokawa PW, et al. Validation of a patient-level medication regimen complexity index as a possible tool to identify patients for medication therapy management intervention. Pharmacotherapy. 2014;34(8):826–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schoonover H, Corbett CF, Weeks DL, et al. Predicting potential postdischarge adverse drug events and 30-day unplanned hospital readmissions from medication regimen complexity. J Patient Saf. 2014;10(4):186–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alves-Conceição V, Rocha KSS, Silva FVN, et al. Medication regimen complexity measured by mrci: a systematic review to identify h