Amouzegar A, Gharibzadeh S, Kazemian E, Mehran L, Tohidi M, Azizi F (2017) The prevalence, incidence and natural course of positive antithyroperoxidase antibodies in a population-based study: Tehran Thyroid Study. PLoS ONE 12(1):e0169283. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169283

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ao M, Xu K, Pan Y, Wang S, Fu G (2024) Association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with thyroid hormone concentrations in patients with primary bone tumors. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 24(8):902–908. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303238500231101051257

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjørklund G, Semenova Y (2024a) Serum calcium and magnesium levels and quality of life in environmentally exposed populations in Kazakhstan. Biometals 37(4):895–904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-023-00579-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjørklund G, Semenova Y (2024b) Serum levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone and their association with depression in environmentally exposed populations in Kazakhstan. Mol Neurobiol 61(6):3715–3723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03780-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Decherf S, Seugnet I, Fini JB, Clerget-Froidevaux MS, Demeneix BA (2010) Disruption of thyroid hormone-dependent hypothalamic set-points by environmental contaminants. Mol Cell Endocrinol 323(2):172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demet MM, Ozmen B, Deveci A, Boyvada S, Adiguzel H, Aydemir O (2002) Depression and anxiety in hyperthyroidism. Arch Med Res 33(6):552–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0188-4409(02)00410-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dickerson AS, Wu AC, Liew Z, Weisskopf M (2020) A scoping review of non-occupational exposures to environmental pollutants and adult depression, anxiety, and suicide. Curr Environ Health Rep 7(3):256–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00280-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drozdovitch V (2020) Radiation exposure to the thyroid after the chernobyl accident. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:569041. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.569041

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drozdovitch V, Schonfeld S, Akimzhanov K et al (2011) Behavior and food consumption pattern of the population exposed in 1949–1962 to fallout from Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. Radiat Environ Biophys 50(1):91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-010-0334-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duntas LH (2011) Environmental factors and thyroid autoimmunity. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 72(2):108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2011.03.019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giani F, Masto R, Trovato MA et al (2021) Heavy metals in the environment and thyroid cancer. Cancers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13164052

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta AK, Kumar S (2022) Utility of antibodies in the diagnoses of thyroid diseases: a review article. Cureus 14(11):e31233. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.31233

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Izic B, Husejnovic MS, Caluk S, Fejzic H, Kundalic BS, Custovic A (2022) Urban air pollution associated with the incidence of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Med Arch 76(2):115–121. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2022.76.115-121

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

James KA, Stromin JI, Steenkamp N, Combrinck MI (2023) Understanding the relationships between physiological and psychosocial stress, cortisol and cognition. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1085950. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1085950

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kashiwagi K, Furuno N, Kitamura S et al (2009) Disruption of thyroid hormone function by environmental pollutants. J Health Sci 55(2):147–160

Article  Google Scholar 

Kenesariev UI, Erzhanova AE, Amrin MK, Kenesary DU, Dosmukhametov AT, Baimukhamedov AA (2013) Hygienic evaluation and prediction of population morbidity in the region of the Karachaganak field (in Russian). Gig Sanit (5):83–86

Kenessary D, Kenessary A, Adilgireiuly Z et al (2019) Air pollution in Kazakhstan and its health risk assessment. Ann Glob Health 85(1):133. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2535

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kikuchi M, Komuro R, Oka H, Kidani T, Hanaoka A, Koshino Y (2005) Relationship between anxiety and thyroid function in patients with panic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29(1):77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.10.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim MJ, Park YJ (2019) Bisphenols and thyroid hormone. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 34(4):340–348. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.340

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim HJ, Kwon H, Yun JM, Cho B, Park JH (2020) Association between exposure to ambient air pollution and thyroid function in Korean adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa338

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kong WM, Sheikh MH, Lumb PJ et al (2002) A 6-month randomized trial of thyroxine treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. Am J Med 112(5):348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01022-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lekurwale V, Acharya S, Shukla S, Kumar S (2023) Neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid diseases. Cureus 15(1):e33987. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33987

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manolis AA, Manolis TA, Melita H, Manolis AS (2020) Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences: an alarming wake-up call? Trends Cardiovasc Med 30(2):57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2019.02.011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathew P, Kaur J, Rawla P (2023) Hyperthyroidism. StatPearls, Treasure Island

Google Scholar 

Melish JS (1990) Thyroid disease. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (eds) Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations, 3rd edn. Boston, Butterworths

Panicker V, Evans J, Bjoro T, Asvold BO, Dayan CM, Bjerkeset O (2009) A paradoxical difference in relationship between anxiety, depression and thyroid function in subjects on and not on T4: findings from the HUNT study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 71(4):574–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03521.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patil N, Rehman A, Jialal I (2023) Hypothyroidism. StatPearls, Treasure Island

Google Scholar 

Ramadan MA, Saif Eldin AS (2022) Effect of occupational cadmium exposure on the thyroid gland and associated inflammatory markers among workers of the electroplating industry. Toxicol Ind Health 38(4):210–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/07482337221085046

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwerin M, Schonfeld S, Drozdovitch V et al (2010) The utility of focus group interviews to capture dietary consumption data in the distant past: dairy consumption in Kazakhstan villages 50 years ago. J Dev Orig Health Dis 1(3):192–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174410000243

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Semenova Y, Pivina L, Manatova A et al (2019a) Mental distress in the rural Kazakhstani population exposed and non-exposed to radiation from the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site. J Environ Radioact 203:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.02.013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Semenova Y, Zhunussov Y, Pivina L et al (2019b) Trace element biomonitoring in hair and blood of occupationally unexposed population residing in polluted areas of East Kazakhstan and Pavlodar regions. J Trace Elem Med Biol 56:31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.07.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Semenova Y, Rakhimova I, Nurpeissov T et al (2022) Epidemiology of stroke and transient ischemic attacks in the population of the territories adjacent to the former Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan. Radiat Environ Biophys 61(1):17–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-021-00955-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B (2006) A brief measure for assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 166(10):1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valdes S, Doulatram-Gamgaram V, Maldonado-Araque C et al (2022) Ambient air pollution and thyroid function in Spanish adults. A nationwide population-based study (Di@bet.es study). Environ Health 21(1):76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00889-1

Article  PubMed