Growth hormone – releasing hormone in the immune system

Guillemin R, Brazeau P, Bohlen P, Esch F, Ling N, Wehrenberg WB. Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly. Science. 1982;218(4572):585–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barabutis N, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone: extrapituitary effects in physiology and pathology. Cell Cycle. 2010;9(20):4110–6.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barabutis N, Schally AV, Siejka A. P53, GHRH, inflammation and cancer. EBioMed. 2018;37:557–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schally AV, Varga JL, Engel JB. Antagonists of growth-hormone-releasing hormone: an emerging new therapy for cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4(1):33–43.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barabutis N, Akhter MS, Kubra KT, Jackson K. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Endothelial Inflammation. Endocrinology. 2022;164(2):bqac209.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith PJ, Pringle PJ, Brook CG, Schulster D, Rafferty B. Plasma immunoreactive GHRH and serum GH concentrations following pulsatile GHRH 1–40 administration in GH deficient children. Clin Endocrinol. 1987;27(4):501–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang D, Zhou Q, Labroska V, Qin S, Darbalaei S, Wu Y, Yuliantie E, Xie L, Tao H, Cheng J, Liu Q, Zhao S, Shui W, Jiang Y, Wang MW. G protein-coupled receptors: structure- and function-based drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fridlyand LE, Tamarina NA, Schally AV, Philipson LH. Growth hormone-releasing hormone in diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2016;7:129.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rekasi Z, Czompoly T, Schally AV, Halmos G. Isolation and sequencing of cDNAs for splice variants of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors from human cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(19):10561–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kiaris H, Chatzistamou I, Schally AV, Halmos G, Varga JL, Koutselini H, Kalofoutis A. Ligand-dependent and -independent effects of splice variant 1 of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(16):9512–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barabutis N, Siejka A, Schally AV, Block NL, Cai R, Varga JL. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a splice variant of GHRH receptor. J Mol Endocrinol. 2010;44(2):127–34.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Reichlin S. Neuroendocrine-immune interactions. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(17):1246–53.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

O’Connor JC, McCusker RH, Strle K, Johnson RW, Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Regulation of IGF-I function by proinflammatory cytokines: at the interface of immunology and endocrinology. Cell Immunol. 2008;252(1–2):91–110.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Taub DD. Neuroendocrine interactions in the immune system. Cell Immunol. 2008;252(1–2):1–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

McCann SM, Kimura M, Karanth S, Yu WH, Mastronardi CA, Rettori V. The mechanism of action of cytokines to control the release of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones in infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:4–18.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Croce L, Gangemi D, Ancona G, Liboa F, Bendotti G, Minelli L, Chiovato L. The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(5):891–904.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weigent DA, Blalock JE. Immunoreactive growth hormone-releasing hormone in rat leukocytes. J Neuroimmunol. 1990;29(1–3):1–13.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stephanou A, Knight RA, Lightman SL. Production of a growth hormone-releasing hormone-like peptide and its mRNA by human lymphocytes. Neuroendocrinology. 1991;53(6):628–33.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen HF, Jeung EB, Stephenson M, Leung PC. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells express gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), GnRH receptor, and interleukin-2 receptor gamma-chain messenger ribonucleic acids that are regulated by GnRH in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(2):743–50.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khorram O, Garthwaite M, Golos T. The influence of aging and sex hormones on expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone in the human immune system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(7):3157–61.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Granato G, Gesmundo I, Pedrolli F, Kasarla R, Begani L, Banfi D, Bruno S, Lopatina T, Brizzi MF, Cai R, Sha W, Ghigo E, Schally AV, Granata R. Growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist MIA-602 inhibits inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and bacterial lipopolysaccharide synergism in macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1231363.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Siejka A, Stepien T, Lawnicka H, Krupinski R, Komorowski J, Stepien H. Evaluation of the effect of GHRH(1–44)NH2 on the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble IL-2 receptor alpha (sIL-2Ralpha) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Endokrynol Pol. 2005;56(5):773–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stepien T, Lawnicka H, Komorowski J, Stepien H, Siejka A. Growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of interleukin 17 from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2010;31(6):852–6.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Siejka A, Lawnicka H, Komorowski J, Stepien T, Krupinski R, Stepien H. Effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and GHRH antagonist (MZ-4-71) on interferon-gamma secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Neuropeptides. 2004;38(1):35–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Du L, Ho BM, Zhou L, Yip YWY, He JN, Wei Y, Tham CC, Chan SO, Schally AV, Pang CP, Li J, Chu WK. Growth hormone releasing hormone signaling promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3298.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Siejka A, Schally AV, Barabutis N. Activation of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway by growth hormone-releasing hormone. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010;67(6):959–64.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barabutis N, Siejka A, Schally AV. Growth hormone releasing hormone induces the expression of nitric oxide synthase. J Cell Mol Med. 2011;15(5):1148–55.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liang WC, Ren JL, Yu QX, Li J, Ng TK, Chu WK, Qin YJ, Chu KO, Schally AV, Pang CP, Chan SO. Signaling mechanisms of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor in LPS-induced acute ocular inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(11):6067–74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Recinella L, Chiavaroli A, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Marconi GD, Gesmundo I, Granata R, Cai R, Sha W, Schally AV, Brunetti L, Leone S. Antinflammatory, antioxidant, and behavioral effects induced by administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs in mice. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):732.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brown PA, Davis WC, Draghia-Akli R. Immune-enhancing effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone delivered by plasmid injection and electroporation. Mol Ther. 2004;10(4):644–51.

Article  PubMed  CAS 

Comments (0)

No login
gif