Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie e.V. (DGU). Leitlinienreport zur AWMF Leitlinie Polytrauma / Schwerverletzten-Behandlung, Registernummer 012–019. (2016). https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/012-019.html. Accessed 21 March 2022.

Hussmann B, Lendemans S. Pre-hospital and early in-hospital management of severe injuries: changes and trends. Injury. 2014;45(Suppl 3):S39–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.08.016. PubMed PMID: 25284232.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouillon B, Marzi I. The updated German Polytrauma - Guideline: an extensive literature evaluation and treatment recommendation for the care of the critically injured patient. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2018;44(Suppl 1):1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-018-0949-0. PubMed PMID: 29623341.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung, Registernummer 187– 023. (2022), Version 3.0. https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/187-023.html

Chen Y, Yang K, Marusic A, Qaseem A, Meerpohl JJ, Flottorp S, et al. A Reporting Tool for Practice guidelines in Health Care: the RIGHT Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(2):128–32. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-1565. Epub 20161122.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF)-Ständige Kommission Leitlinien. AWMF-Regelwerk „Leitlinien. 2nd Edition 2020. http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/awmf-regelwerk.html. Accessed 11 November 2021.

Gliklich R, Dreyer N, Leavy M, editors. Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes: A User’s Guide. Third edition. Two volumes. AHRQ Publication No. 13(14)-EHC111. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; April 2014. http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/registries-guide-3.cfm. Prepared by the Outcome DEcIDE Center [Outcome Sciences, Inc., a Quintiles company] under Contract No. 290 2005 00351 TO7.

Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Reviews. 2016;5(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4. Epub 20161205.

Article  Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). The guidelines manual: Appendices B-I, Published: 30 November 2012. https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg6/resources/the-guidelines-manual-appendices-bi-2549703709. Last accessed 21 March 2022.

OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. (March 2009). https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/oxford-centre-for-evidence-based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009. Last accessed 21 March 2022. 2009.

Blair JA, Kusnezov N, Fisher T, Prabhakar G, Bader JO, Belmont PJ. Early Stabilization of Femur Fractures in the setting of Polytrauma is Associated with decreased risk of Pulmonary complications and Mortality. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2019;28(2):137–43. PubMed PMID: 31411960.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bläsius FM, Laubach M, Andruszkow H, Lichte P, Pape HC, Lefering R, et al. Strategies for the treatment of femoral fractures in severely injured patients: trends in over two decades from the TraumaRegister DGU(®). Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(3):1769–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-020-01599-4. Epub 20210215.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cantu RV, Graves SC, Spratt KF. In-hospital mortality from femoral shaft fracture depends on the initial delay to fracture fixation and Injury Severity score: a retrospective cohort study from the NTDB 2002–2006. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(6):1433–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000000230. PubMed PMID: 24854312; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4537793.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Doukas WC, Hayda RA, Frisch HM, Andersen RC, Mazurek MT, Ficke JR, et al. The Military Extremity Trauma Amputation/Limb Salvage (METALS) study: outcomes of amputation versus limb salvage following major lower-extremity trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(2):138–45. jbjs.K.00734. PubMed PMID: 23324961.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flagstad IR, Tatman LM, Heare A, Parikh HR, Albersheim M, Atchison J, et al. Single-stage versus 2-Stage bilateral Intramedullary nail fixation in patients with bilateral femur fractures: a Multicenter Retrospective Review. J Orthop Trauma. 2021;35(9):499–504. https://doi.org/10.1097/bot.0000000000002055. PubMed PMID: 33512861.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morshed S, Miclau T 3rd, Bembom O, Cohen M, Knudson MM, Colford JM. Jr. Delayed internal fixation of femoral shaft fracture reduces mortality among patients with multisystem trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(1):3–13. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.H.00338. PubMed PMID: 19122073; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2663326.

Morshed S, Mikhail C, Miclau Iii T. Timing of Femoral Shaft Fracture Fixation Affects Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Multiple Injuries. Open Orthop J. 2015;9:324– 31. Epub 20150731. doi: 10.2174/1874325001509010324. PubMed PMID: 26312117; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4541315.

Richards JE, Medvecz AJ, O’Hara NN, Guillamondegui OD, O’Toole RV, Obremskey WT, et al. Musculoskeletal Trauma in critically injured patients: factors leading to delayed operative fixation and multiple organ failure. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(6):1781–8. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000005252. PubMed PMID: 33186164.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rixen D, Steinhausen E, Sauerland S, Lefering R, Maegele MG, Bouillon B, et al. Randomized, controlled, two-arm, interventional, multicenter study on risk-adapted damage control orthopedic surgery of femur shaft fractures in multiple-trauma patients. Trials. 2016;17:47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1162-2. Epub 20160125.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steinhausen E, Lefering R, Tjardes T, Neugebauer EA, Bouillon B, Rixen D. A risk-adapted approach is beneficial in the management of bilateral femoral shaft fractures in multiple trauma patients: an analysis based on the trauma registry of the German Trauma Society. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(5):1288–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000000167. PubMed PMID: 24747462.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stojiljković P, Golubović Z, Karalejić S, Micić DMI. Damage control strategy in the treatment of closed femoral shaft fractures in polytrauma patients. Clinic. 2009;1(2):3.

Google Scholar 

Brumback RJ, Toal TR Jr., Murphy-Zane MS, Novak VP, Belkoff SM. Immediate weight-bearing after treatment of a comminuted fracture of the femoral shaft with a statically locked intramedullary nail. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(11):1538–44. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199911000-00005. PubMed PMID: 10565645.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Riemer BL, Brumback RJ, McCarthy ML, Burgess AR, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and mortality following thoracic injury and a femoral fracture treated either with intramedullary nailing with reaming or with a plate. A comparative study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(6):799–809. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199706000-00001. PubMed PMID: 9199375.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Riemer BL, Butterfield SL, Burke CJ 3rd, Mathews D. Immediate plate fixation of highly comminuted femoral diaphyseal fractures in blunt polytrauma patients. Orthopedics. 1992;15(8):907–16. https://doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19920801-07. PubMed PMID: 1508766.

Schmidtmann U, Knopp W, Wolff C, Stürmer KM. [Results of elastic plate osteosynthesis of simple femoral shaft fractures in polytraumatized patients. An alternative procedure]. Unfallchirurg. 1997;100(12):949–56. PubMed PMID: 9492641.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anwar IA, Battistella FD, Neiman R, Olson SA, Chapman MW, Moehring HD. Femur fractures and lung complications: a prospective randomized study of reaming. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(422):71–6. PubMed PMID: 15187836.

Scalea TM, Boswell SA, Scott JD, Mitchell KA, Kramer ME, Pollak AN. External fixation as a bridge to intramedullary nailing for patients with multiple injuries and with femur fractures: damage control orthopedics. J Trauma. 2000;48(4):613–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200004000-00006. discussion 21– 3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aufmkolk M, Neudeck F, Voggenreiter G, Schneider K, Obertacke U, Schmit-Neuerburg KP. [Effect of primary femoral plate osteosynthesis on the course of polytrauma patients with or without thoracic trauma]. Unfallchirurg. 1998;101(6):433–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001130050292. PubMed PMID: 9677841.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bone LB, Babikian G, Stegemann PM. Femoral canal reaming in the polytrauma patient with chest injury. A clinical perspective. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;(318):91–4. PubMed PMID: 7671536.

Brumback RJ, McGarvey WC. Fractures of the tibial plafond. Evolving treatment concepts for the pilon fracture. Orthop Clin North Am. 1995;26(2):273–85. PubMed PMID: 7724193.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neudeck F, Aufmkolk M, Voggenreiter G, Olivier LC, Majetschak M, Obertacke U. [How many severely injured multiple-trauma patients can benefit from the biomechanical advantage of early mobilization following femoral intramedullary nailing?]. Unfallchirurg. 1998;101(10):769–74. PubMed PMID: 9847704.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pell AC, Christie J, Keating JF, Sutherland GR. The detection of fat embolism by transoesophageal echocardiography during reamed intramedullary nailing. A study of 24 patients with femoral and tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(6):921–5. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.75b6.8245083. PubMed PMID: 8245083.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smrke D, Princic J. [Plate and screw osteosynthesis in femoral shaft fractures. Retrospective study of 500 femur shaft fractures]. Unfallchirurg. 2000;103(2):110-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001130050021. PubMed PMID: 10763362.

Südkamp N, Haas N, Flory PJ, Tscherne H, Berger A. [Criteria for amputation, reconstruction and replantation of extremities in multiple trauma patients]. Chirurg. 1989;60(11):774–81. PubMed PMID: 2582885.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wozasek GE, Simon P, Redl H, Schlag G. Intramedullary pressure changes and fat intravasation during intramedullary nailing: an experimental study in sheep. J Trauma. 1994;36(2):202–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199402000-00010. PubMed PMID: 8114137.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Reamed Versus Unreamed Intramedullary Nailing of the Femur: comparison of the rate of ARDS in multiple injured patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20(6):384–7. PubMed PMID: 00005131-200607000-00003.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dedmond BT, Almekinders LC. Operative versus nonoperative treatment of knee dislocations: a meta-analysis. Am J Knee Surg. 2001;14(1):33–8. PubMed PMID: 11216717.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Green NE, Allen BL. Vascular injuries associated with dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(2):23