Danziger J, Zeidel ML (2015) Osmotic homeostasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10:852–862. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.10741013

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hughes F, Mythen M, Montgomery H (2018) The sensitivity of the human thirst response to changes in plasma osmolality: a systematic review. Perioper Med (Lond) 7:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13741-017-0081-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kimura T, Minai K, Matsui K, Mouri T, Sato T (1976) Effect of various states of hydration on plasma ADH and renin in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:79–87. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-42-1-79

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sands JM, Layton HE (2009) The physiology of urinary concentration: an update. Semin Nephrol 29:178–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.008

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bachmann S, Mutig K (2017) Regulation of renal Na-(K)-Cl cotransporters by vasopressin. Pflugers Arch 469:889–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-2002-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bankir L, Fernandes S, Bardoux P, Bouby N, Bichet DG (2005) Vasopressin-V2 receptor stimulation reduces sodium excretion in healthy humans. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1920–1928. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2004121079

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Perez A, Burg MB (1991) Role of organic osmolytes in adaptation of renal cells to high osmolality. J Membr Biol 119:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01868535

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hasler U, Jeon US, Kim JA, Mordasini D, Kwon HM, Féraille E, Martin PY (2006) Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein is an essential regulator of aquaporin-2 expression in renal collecting duct principal cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:1521–1531. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2005121317

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ko BC, Ruepp B, Bohren KM, Gabbay KH, Chung SS (1997) Identification and characterization of multiple osmotic response sequences in the human aldose reductase gene. J Biol Chem 272:16431–16437. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.26.16431

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ, Andres-Hernando A, Roncal-Jimenez C, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tolan DR, Lanaspa MA (2020) Fructose production and metabolism in the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 31:898–906. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2019101015

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Klein JD, Blount MA, Martin CF, Kent KJ, Pech V, Wall SM, Sands JM (2009) Epac regulates UT-A1 to increase urea transport in inner medullary collecting ducts. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:2018–2024. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2008121225

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakayama Y, Peng T, Sands JM, Bagnasco SM (2000) The TonE/TonEBP pathway mediates tonicity-responsive regulation of UT-A urea transporter expression. J Biol Chem 275:38275–38280. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M004678200

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Parker MD, Hostler D, Pryor RR, Schlader Z (2021) Kidney physiology and pathophysiology during heat stress and the modification by exercise, dehydration, heat acclimation and aging. Temperature (Austin) 8:108–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2020.1826841

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aoyagi T, Izumi Y, Hiroyama M, Matsuzaki T, Yasuoka Y, Sanbe A, Miyazaki H, Fujiwara Y, Nakayama Y, Kohda Y, Yamauchi J, Inoue T, Kawahara K, Saito H, Tomita K, Nonoguchi H, Tanoue A (2008) Vasopressin regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system via V1a receptors in macula densa cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295:F100-107. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00088.2008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toney GM, Stocker SD (2010) Hyperosmotic activation of CNS sympathetic drive: implications for cardiovascular disease. J Physiol 588:3375–3384. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.191940

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henderson KK (1985) Byron KL (2007) Vasopressin-induced vasoconstriction: two concentration-dependent signaling pathways. J Appl Physiol 102:1402–1409. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00825.2006

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Perucca J, Bichet DG, Bardoux P, Bouby N, Bankir L (2008) Sodium excretion in response to vasopressin and selective vasopressin receptor antagonists. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1721–1731. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2008010021

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tanoue A, Ito S, Honda K, Oshikawa S, Kitagawa Y, Koshimizu TA, Mori T, Tsujimoto G (2004) The vasopressin V1b receptor critically regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity under both stress and resting conditions. J Clin Invest 113:302–309. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci19656

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lang F, Guelinckx I, Lemetais G, Melander O (2017) Two liters a day keep the doctor away? Considerations on the pathophysiology of suboptimal fluid intake in the common population. Kidney Blood Press Res 42:483–494. https://doi.org/10.1159/000479640

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Armstrong LE (2007) Assessing hydration status: the elusive gold standard. J Am Coll Nutr 26:575s–584s. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2007.10719661

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kavouras SA (2019) Hydration, dehydration, underhydration, optimal hydration: are we barking up the wrong tree? Eur J Nutr 58:471–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-01889-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vega RM, Avner JR (1997) A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 13:179–182. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006565-199706000-00001

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ugale J, Mata A, Meert KL, Sarnaik AP (2012) Measured degree of dehydration in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 13:e103-107. https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182231493

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruck E (1971) Laboratory tests in the analysis of states of dehydration. Pediatr Clin North Am 18:265–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)32538-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gandy J (2015) Water intake: validity of population assessment and recommendations. Eur J Nutr 54(Suppl 2):11–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0944-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perrier E, Rondeau P, Poupin M, Le Bellego L, Armstrong LE, Lang F, Stookey J, Tack I, Vergne S, Klein A (2013) Relation between urinary hydration biomarkers and total fluid intake in healthy adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 67:939–943. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.93

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suh H, Summers LG, Seal AD, Colburn AT, Mauromoustakos A, Perrier ET, Bottin JH, Kavouras SA (2020) Afternoon urine osmolality is equivalent to 24 h for hydration assessment in healthy children. Eur J Clin Nutr 74:884–890. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-019-0519-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Popowski LA, Oppliger RA, Patrick Lambert G, Johnson RF, Kim Johnson A, Gisolf CV (2001) Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:747–753. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105000-00011

Article