WHO. Obesity and overweight 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
Afshin A, Sur PJ, Fay KA, Cornaby L, Ferrara G, Salama JS, et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2019;393(10184):1958–72.
Quiñones-Ossa GA, Lobo C, Garcia-Ballestas E, Florez WA, Moscote-Salazar LR, Agrawal A. Obesity and stroke: does the paradox apply for stroke? Neurointervention. 2021;16(1):9–19.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tremmel M, Gerdtham U-G, Nilsson PM, Saha S. Economic Burden of obesity: a systematic literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(4):435.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Divino V, Ramasamy A, Anupindi VR, Eriksen KT, Olsen AH, DeKoven M, et al. Complication-specific direct medical costs by body mass index for 13 obesity-related complications: a retrospective database study. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2021;27(2):210–22.
Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev. 2017;18(7):715–23.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hruby A, Manson JE, Qi L, Malik VS, Rimm EB, Sun Q, et al. Determinants and consequences of obesity. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(9):1656–62.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804–14.
Kadouh HC, Acosta A. Current paradigms in the etiology of obesity. Tech Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;19(1):2–11.
Sallis JF, Owen N, Fisher E. Ecological models of health behavior. Health Behav Theory Res Practice. 2015;5(43–64).
Roberto CA, Swinburn B, Hawkes C, Huang TT, Costa SA, Ashe M, et al. Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. Lancet (London, England). 2015;385(9985):2400–9.
Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6–10.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
(IPH) IfPH. The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006: Nutritional Status. 2008.
Insitute of Public Health MoHM. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS). Non-Communicable Diseases. In: Insitute of Public Health MoHM, editor. Kuala Lumpur 2015.
Institute for Public Health MoHM. National Health and Morbidity Survey: Non-communicable diseases. 2019.
Azizan NA, Thangiah N, Su TT, Majid HA. Does a low-income urban population practise healthy dietary habits? Int Health. 2018;10(2):108–15.
Andoy-Galvan JA, Lugova H, Patil SS, Wong YH, Baloch GM, Suleiman A, et al. Income and obesity in an urban poor community: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res. 2020;9:160.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Anekwe CV, Jarrell AR, Townsend MJ, Gaudier GI, Hiserodt JM, Stanford FC. Socioeconomics of obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2020;9(3):272–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Janssen HG, Davies IG, Richardson LD, Stevenson L. Determinants of takeaway and fast food consumption: a narrative review. Nutr Res Rev. 2018;31(1):16–34.
Saghaian S, Mohammadi H. Factors affecting frequency of fast food consumption. J Food Distrib Res. 2018;49(856-2018–3106):22–9.
Salleh R, Ganapathy SS, Ibrahim Wong N, Cheong SM, Ahmad MH, Palaniveloo L, et al. Is socio-demographic status, body mass index, and consumption of food away from home associated with high sodium intake among adults in Malaysia? Findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS). J Health Popul Nutr. 2021;40(1):12.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shahar S, Jan Bin Jan Mohamed H, de los Reyes F, Amarra MS. Adherence of Malaysian adults’ energy and macronutrient intakes to national recommendations: a review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1584.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zainuddin AA, Nor NM, Yusof SM, Irawati A, Ibrahim N, Aris T, et al. Changes in energy and nutrient intakes among Malaysian adults: findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003 and 2014. Malays J Nutr. 2019;25(2):273–84.
Shyam S, Khor G-L, Ambak R, Mahadir B, Hasnan M, Ambu S, et al. Association between dietary patterns and overweight risk among Malaysian adults: evidence from nationally representative surveys. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(2):319–28.
Mohd-Sidik S, Lekhraj R, Foo CN. Prevalence, associated factors and psychological determinants of obesity among adults in Selangor. Malaysia. 2021;18(3):868.
Jan Mohamed HJB, Yap RWK, Loy SL, Norris SA, Biesma R, Aagaard-Hansen J. Prevalence and determinants of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):123–35.
Zainuddin AABH. Prevalence and socio-demographic determinant of overweight and obesity among Malaysian adult. Int J Public Health Res. 2016;6(1):661–9.
Chong CT, Lai WK, Zainuddin AA, Pardi M, Mohd Sallehuddin S, Ganapathy SS. Prevalence of obesity and its associated factors among Malaysian adults: finding from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2022;34(8):786–92.
Ghee LK. A review of adult obesity research in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2016;71(1):7.
Chua EY, Zalilah MS, Haemamalar K, Norhasmah S, Geeta A. Obesity indices predict hypertension among indigenous adults in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):24.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Phipps ME, Chan KKL, Naidu R, Mohamad NW, Hoh B-P, Quek K-F, et al. Cardio-metabolic health risks in indigenous populations of Southeast Asia and the influence of urbanization. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):47.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Othman Z, Aleem NAA, Ramli MDC, Sariman S, Harun H, Ab Rahman M, et al. Knowledge, awareness and practices on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among community in Gombak, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian J Med Health Sci. 2020.
Law LS, Sulaiman N, Gan WY, Adznam SNA, Mohd Taib MN. Predictors of overweight and obesity and its consequences among Senoi Orang Asli (Indigenous People) Women in Perak, Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2354.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kwan SC, Ismail R, Ismail NH, Mohamed N. An ecological study of the relationship between urban built environment and cardiovascular hospital admissions (2004–2016) in an Asian developing country. Soc Sci Med. 2021;276: 113868.
Mohamad MS, Mahadir Naidu B, Virtanen SM, Lehtinen-Jacks S, Abdul Maulud KN. Relationships of local food and physical activity environments with overweight in 5- to 17-year-old Malaysian Children. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2023;35(1):34–41.
Majid MR, Lim NHH, Zaman M, Ruslik N. Exploring the link between BMI, perceived neighbourhood environment and health behaviours in Malaysia. J Sustain Sci Manag. 2021;16(7):190–208.
Muda WMW, Sundaram JK, Gen TZ. Addressing malnutrition in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Khazanah Research Institute 2019.
Banerjee S. Spatial data analysis. Annu Rev. 2016;37(1):47–60.
Jia P, Xue H, Yin L, Stein A, Wang M, Wang Y. Spatial technologies in obesity research: current applications and future promise. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019;30(3):211–23.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tamura K, Puett RC, Hart JE, Starnes HA, Laden F, Troped PJ. Spatial clustering of physical activity and obesity in relation to built environment factors among older women in three US states. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1322.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang C-C, Jhu J-J. On the application of clustering and classification techniques to analyze metabolic syndrome severity distribution area and critical factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(9):1575.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Michimi A, Wimberly MC. Spatial patterns of obesity and associated risk factors in the conterminous US. Am J Prev Med
Comments (0)