Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, Neuen BL, Perkovic V. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2021;398:786–802.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klop B, Elte JWF, Cabezas MC. Dyslipidemia in obesity: mechanisms and potential targets. Nutrients. 2013;5:1218–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shirasawa T, Ochiai H, Yoshimoto T, Nagahama S, Watanabe A, Yoshida R, et al. Cross-sectional study of associations between normal body weight with central obesity and hyperuricemia in Japan. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020;20:2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

WHO. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

Wainschtein P, Jain D, Zheng Z, TOPMed Anthropometry Working Group NHLBI. Trans-omics for precision medicine (TOPMed) Consortium, Cupples LA, et al. Assessing the contribution of rare variants to complex trait heritability from whole-genome sequence data. Nat Genet. 2022;54:263–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Komulainen K, Pulkki-Råback L, Jokela M, Lyytikäinen L-P, Pitkänen N, Laitinen T, et al. Education as a moderator of genetic risk for higher body mass index: prospective cohort study from childhood to adulthood. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018;42:866–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khera AV, Emdin CA, Drake I, Natarajan P, Bick AG, Cook NR, et al. Genetic risk, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, and coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:2349–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hozawa A, Tanno K, Nakaya N, Nakamura T, Tsuchiya N, Hirata T, et al. Study profile of the tohoku medical megabank community-based cohort study. J Epidemiol. 2021;31:65–76.

Sutoh Y, Hachiya T, Suzuki Y, Komaki S, Ohmomo H, Kakisaka K, et al. ALDH2 genotype modulates the association between alcohol consumption and AST/ALT ratio among middle-aged Japanese men: a genome-wide G × E interaction analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:16227.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tanaka T, Okamura T, Miura K, Kadowaki T, Ueshima H, Nakagawa H, et al. A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16:97–103.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hachiya T, Narita A, Ohmomo H, Sutoh Y, Komaki S, Tanno K, et al. Genome-wide analysis of polymorphism × sodium interaction effect on blood pressure identifies a novel 3’-BCL11B gene desert locus. Sci Rep. 2018;8:14162.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fujii H, Yamamoto S, Takeda-Imai F, Inoue M, Tsugane S, Kadowaki T, et al. Validity and applicability of a simple questionnaire for the estimation of total and domain-specific physical activity. Diabetol Int. 2011;2:47–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

ToMMo. ToMMo Supercomputer system [Internet]. Facilities and Equipment. Available from: https://www.megabank.tohoku.ac.jp/english/research/facilities/#supercomputer.

Minegishi N, Nishijima I, Nobukuni T, Kudo H, Ishida N, Terakawa T, et al. Biobank establishment and sample management in the tohoku medical megabank project. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2019;248:45–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yasuda J, Kinoshita K, Katsuoka F, Danjoh I, Sakurai-Yageta M, Motoike IN, et al. Genome analyses for the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project towards establishment of personalized healthcare. J Biochem. 2019;165:139–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loh P-R, Palamara PF, Price AL. Fast and accurate long-range phasing in a UK Biobank cohort. Nat Genet. 2016;48:811–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Das S, Forer L, Schönherr S, Sidore C, Locke AE, Kwong A, et al. Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1284–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Auton A, Abecasis GR, Altshuler DM, Durbin RM, Abecasis GR, Bentley DR, et al. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature. 2015;526:68–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akiyama M, Okada Y, Kanai M, Takahashi A, Momozawa Y, Ikeda M, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 112 new loci for body mass index in the Japanese population. Nat Genet. 2017;49:1458–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vilhjálmsson BJ, Yang J, Finucane HK, Gusev A, Lindström S, Ripke S, et al. Modeling linkage disequilibrium increases accuracy of polygenic risk scores. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;97:576–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang CC, Chow CC, Tellier LC, Vattikuti S, Purcell SM, Lee JJ. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience. 2015;4:7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Purcell S, Chang C. Plink2-v2.00a2LM [Internet]. Available from: www.cog-genomics.org/plink/2.0/.

Sing T, Sander O, Beerenwinkel N, Lengauer T. ROCR: visualizing classifier performance in R. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:3940–1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A, Tiberti N, Lisacek F, Sanchez J-C, et al. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinforma. 2011;12:77.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yoshiike N, Miyoshi M. [Epidemiological aspects of overweight and obesity in Japan-international comparisons]. Nihon Rinsho. 2013;71:207–16.

Griffin J. metapower: Power Analysis for Meta-Analysis [Internet]. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=metapower.

Moore SC, Patel AV, Matthews CE, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Park Y, Katki HA, et al. Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001335.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wen CP, Wai JPM, Tsai MK, Yang YC, Cheng TYD, Lee M-C, et al. Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378:1244–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou L, Stamler J, Chan Q, Van Horn L, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, et al. Salt intake and prevalence of overweight/obesity in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States: the INTERMAP Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110:34–40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao L, Cogswell ME, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Onufrak S, Jackson SL, et al. Association of usual 24-h sodium excretion with measures of adiposity among adults in the United States: NHANES, 2014. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109:139–47.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2nd edition [Internet]. 2nd ed. 2018. Available from: https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf.

Fan M, Sun D, Zhou T, Heianza Y, Lv J, Li L, et al. Sleep patterns, genetic susceptibility, and incident cardiovascular disease: a prospective study of 385 292 UK biobank participants. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1182–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rutten-Jacobs, Larsson LC, Malik SC, Rannikmäe R, MEGASTROKE consortium K, International Stroke Genetics Consortium, et al. Genetic risk, incident stroke, and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle: cohort study of 306 473 UK Biobank participants. BMJ. 2018;363:k4168.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hasbani NR, Ligthart S, Brown MR, Heath AS, Bebo A, Ashley KE, et al. American heart association’s life’s simple 7: lifestyle recommendations, polygenic risk, and lifetime risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2022;145:808–18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tikkanen E, Gustafsson S, Ingelsson E. Associations of fitness, physical activity, strength, and genetic risk with cardiovascular disease: longitudinal analyses in the UK Biobank study. Circulation. 2018;137:2583–91.