Ketcham SW, Sedhai YR, Miller HC et al (2020) Causes and characteristics of death in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 24(1):391

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oczkowski S, Ergan B, Bos L et al (2022) ERS clinical practice guidelines: high-flow nasal cannula in acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 59(4):2101574

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grieco DL, Maggiore SM, Roca O et al (2021) Non-invasive ventilatory support and high-flow nasal oxygen as first-line treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS. Intensiv Care Med 47(8):851–866

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Qvist J, Pontoppidan H, Wilson RS et al (1975) Hemodynamic responses to mechanical ventilation with PEEP: the effect of hypervolemia. Anesthesiology 42(1):45–55

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T et al (2017) Noninvasive ventilation of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Insights from the LUNG SAFE study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195(1):67–77

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grieco DL, Menga LS, Eleuteri D et al (2019) Patient self-inflicted lung injury: implications for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS patients on non-invasive support. Minerva Anestesiol 85:1014–1023

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spinelli E, Mauri T, Beitler RJ et al (2020) Respiratory drive in the acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathophysiology, monitoring, and therapeutic interventions. Intensiv Care Med 46(4):606–618

Article  Google Scholar 

Matthay MA, Arabi Y, Arroliga AC et al (2024) A new global definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 209(1):37–47

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Del Negro CA, Funk GD, Feldman JL (2018) Breathing matters. Nat Rev Neurosci 19(6):351–367

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jonkman AH, de Vries H, Heunks LMA (2020) Physiology of the respiratory drive in ICU patients: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Crit Care 24(1):104

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vaporidi K, Akoumianaki E, Telias I et al (2020) Respiratory drive in critically Ill patients. Pathophysiology and clinical implications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201(1):20–32

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kondili E, Prinianakis G, Anastasaki M et al (2001) Acute effects of ventilator settings on respiratory motor output in patients with acute lung injury. Intensiv Care Med 27(7):1147–1157

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mador MJ, Tobin MJ (1991) Effect of alterations in mental activity on the breathing pattern in healthy subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 144(3 Pt 1):481–487

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith CA, Rodman JR, Chenuel BJ et al (2006) Response time and sensitivity of the ventilatory response to CO2 in inanesthetized intact dogs: central vs. peripheral chemoreceptors. J Appl Physiol 100(1):13–19

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forster HV, Pan LG, Lowry TF et al (2000) Important role of carotid chemoreceptor afferents in control of breathing of adult and neonatal mammals. Respir Physiol 119(2–3):199–208

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith CA, Blain GM, Henderson KS et al (2015) Peripheral chemoreceptors determine the respiratory sensitivity of central chemoreceptors to CO2: role of carotid body CO2. J Physiol 593(18):4225–4243

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paintal AS (1973) Vagal sensory receptors and their reflex effects. Physiol Rev 53(1):159–227

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sklienka P, Frelich M, Bursa F (2023) Patient self-inflicted lung injury-a narative review od pathophysiology, early recognition, and management options. J Pers Med 13(4):593

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yoshida T, Uchiyama A, Matsuura N et al (2013) The comparison of spontaneous breathing and muscle paralysis in two different severities of experimental lung injury. Crit Care Med 41(2):536–545

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoshida T, Uchiyama A, Matsuura N et al (2012) Spontaneous breathing during lung-protective ventilation in an experimental acute lung injury model: high transpulmonary pressure associated with strong spontaneous breathing effort may worsen lung injury. Crit Care Med 40(5):1578–1585

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brochard L, Slutsky A, Pesenti A (2017) Mechanical ventilation to minimize progression of lung injury in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195:438–442

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A (2012) Ventilatory failure, ventilator support, and ventilator weaning. Compr Physiol 2:2871–2921

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laghi F (2005) Assessment of respiratory output in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care Clin N Am 11:173–199

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Widdicombe J (2009) Lung aferent activity: implications for respiratory sensation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 167(1):2–8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peifer C, Poline JB, Thivard L et al (2001) Neural sub-strates for the perception of acutely induced dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163(4):951–957

Article  Google Scholar 

Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L et al (2012) American thoracic society committee on dyspnea. An official American thoracic society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185:435–452

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tobin MJ (2019) Why physiology is critical to the practice of medicine: a 40-year personal perspective. Clin Chest Med 40(2):243–257

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campbell EJM (1969) Physical signs of diffuse airways obstruction and lung distension. Thorax 24(1):1–3

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murray JF (1988) History and physical examination. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA (eds) Textbook of respiratory medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 431–451

Google Scholar 

McFadden ER Jr, Kiser R, DeGroot WJ (1973) Acute bronchial asthma. Relations between clinical and physiologic manifestations. N Engl J Med 288(5):221–225

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tobin MJ, Jenouri GA, Watson H et al (1983) Noninvasive measurement of pleural pressure by surface inductive plethysmography. J Appl Physiol 55:267–275

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gattinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M et al (2020) COVID-19 does not lead to a “typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201(10):1299–1300

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dhont S, Derom E, Van Braeckel E et al (2020) The pathophysiology of ‘happy’ hypoxemia in COVID-19. Respir Res 21(1):198

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Whitelaw WA, Derenne J-P, Milic-Emili J (1975) Occlusion pressure as a measure of respiratory center output in conscious man. Respir Physiol 23:181–199

Article