Kloner RA, Chaitman B. Angina and its management. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2017;22(3):199–209.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gulati M, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: executive summary: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2021;144(22):e368–454.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maddox TM, et al. Nonobstructive coronary artery disease and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2014;312(17):1754–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bairey Merz CN, et al. Ischemia and No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (INOCA): developing evidence-based therapies and research agenda for the next decade. Circulation. 2017;135(11):1075–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ong P, et al. International standardization of diagnostic criteria for microvascular angina. Int J Cardiol. 2018;250:16–20. This manuscript from the Coronary Vasomotion Disorders International Study Group provides the diagnostic criteria for coronary microvascular dysfunction.

Shimokawa H, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with microvascular angina: an international and prospective cohort study by the Coronary Vasomotor Disorders International Study (COVADIS) Group. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(44):4592–600.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kemp HG, Elliott WC, Gorlin R. The anginal syndrome with normal coronary arteriography. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1967;80:59–70.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agrawal S, Mehta PK, BaireyMerz CN. Cardiac Syndrome X: update 2014. Cardiol Clin. 2014;32(3):463–78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shaw LJ, Bugiardini R, Merz CN. Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(17):1561–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bairey Merz CN. Women and ischemic heart disease paradox and pathophysiology. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(1):74–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehta PK, et al. Gender in cardiovascular medicine: chest pain and coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(47):3819–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ong P, et al. Coronary vasomotor abnormalities in patients with stable angina after successful stent implantation but without in-stent restenosis. Clin Res Cardiol. 2014;103(1):11–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tamis-Holland JE, et al. contemporary diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2019;139(18):e891–908. The authors provide a framework for clinicians to investigate MINOCA and differential diagnoses to consider in patients presenting with suspected MINOCA.

Wei J, et al. Myocardial scar is prevalent and associated with subclinical myocardial dysfunction in women with suspected ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease: from the women’s ischemia syndrome evaluation-coronary vascular dysfunction study. Circulation. 2018;137(8):874–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reynolds HR, et al. Coronary optical coherence tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to determine underlying causes of myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries in women. Circulation. 2021;143(7):624–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jespersen L, et al. Stable angina pectoris with no obstructive coronary artery disease is associated with increased risks of major adverse cardiovascular events. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(6):734–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sara JD, et al. Prevalence of coronary microvascular dysfunction among patients with chest pain and nonobstructive coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(11):1445–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar S, et al. Functional coronary angiography in symptomatic patients with no obstructive coronary artery disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;98(5):827–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taqueti VR, et al. Excess cardiovascular risk in women relative to men referred for coronary angiography is associated with severely impaired coronary flow reserve. Not Obstructive Disease Circulation. 2017;135(6):566–77.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morey JR, et al. estimating long-term health utility scores and expenditures for cardiovascular disease from the medical expenditure panel survey. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2021;14(4):e006769.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shaw LJ, et al. The economic burden of angina in women with suspected ischemic heart disease: results from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Circulation. 2006;114(9):894–904.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schumann CL, et al. Functional and economic impact of INOCA and influence of coronary microvascular dysfunction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(7):1369–79.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Handberg E, et al. Impaired coronary vascular reactivity and functional capacity in women: results from the NHLBI Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(3S):S44–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Juelsgaard P, Sand NPR. Somatic and social prognosis of patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriography: a follow-up study. Int J Cardiol. 1993;39(1):49–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Meer RE, Maas AH. The role of mental stress in ischaemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease and coronary vasomotor disorders. Eur Cardiol. 2021;16:e37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jespersen L, et al. Persistent angina: highly prevalent and associated with long-term anxiety, depression, low physical functioning, and quality of life in stable angina pectoris. Clin Res Cardiol. 2013;102(8):571–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aldiwani H, et al. Angina hospitalization rates in women with signs and symptoms of ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the wise (Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(4):e013168.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boden WE, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(15):1503–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pijls NH, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(3):177–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Venkitachalam L, et al. Temporal trends in patient-reported angina at 1 year after percutaneous coronary revascularization in the stent era: a report from the national heart, lung, and blood institute-sponsored 1997–2006 dynamic registry. Circulation: Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2(6):607–15.

Google Scholar 

Gaglia MA Jr, et al. Frequency of angina pectoris after percutaneous coronary intervention and the effect of metallic stent type. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117(4):526–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ben-Yehuda O, et al. Angina and associated healthcare costs following percutaneous coronary intervention: a real-world analysis from a multi-payer database. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;88(7):1017–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hokimoto S, et al. Prevalence of coronary macro-and micro-vascular dysfunctions after drug-eluting stent implantation without in-stent restenosis. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:185–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, et al. Thermodilutional confirmation of coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with recurrent angina after successful percutaneous coronary intervention. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(8):989–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feuer DS, et al. Microvascular dysfunction as a systemic disease: a review of the evidence. Am J Med. 2022;135(9):1059–68.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corban MT, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39(7):1272–4.