Wichmann FA, Müller A, Busi LE, Cianni N, Massolo L, Schlink U et al (2009) Increased asthma and respiratory symptoms in children exposed to petrochemical pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123(3):632–638

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dondi A, Carbone C, Manieri E, Zama D, Del Bono C, Betti L et al (2023) Outdoor air pollution and childhood respiratory disease: the role of oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci. 24(5):4345

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowatte G, Lodge C, Lowe AJ, Erbas B, Perret J, Abramson MJ et al (2015) The influence of childhood traffic-related air pollution exposure on asthma, allergy and sensitization: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of birth cohort studies. Allergy 70(3):245–256

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clark NA, Demers PA, Karr CJ, Koehoorn M, Lencar C, Tamburic L, Brauer M (2010) Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect 118(2):284–290

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clear the air for children. United Nations Children′s Fund (UNICEF) (2016). Available from: https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_92957.html

Griscom NT, Wohl ME, Kirkpatrick JA Jr (1978) Lower respiratory infections: how infants differ from adults. Radiol Clin North Am 16(3):367–387

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guzelian PS, Henry CJ, Olin SS (1992) Similarities and differences between children and adults: Implications for risk assessment. Washington, D.C.: ILSI Press/International Life Sciences Institute

Trasande L, Thurston GD (2005) The role of air pollution in asthma and other pediatric morbidities. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115(4):689–699

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A guide for calculating, determining, and announcing air quality index. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). https://ier.tums.ac.ir/ZYvt. Accessed 17 Nov 2018

Salvi S (2007) Health effects of ambient air pollution in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 8(4):275–280

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evangelisti M, Cangiano G, Nenna R, Nicolai A, Frassanito A, Papasso S et al (2015) Air pollution and bronchiolitis from 2004 to 2014 in Rome. Eur Respir J 46(suppl 59):PA4505

Leung SY, Lau SYF, Kwok KL, Mohammad KN, Chan PKS, Chong KC (2021) Short-term association among meteorological variation, outdoor air pollution and acute bronchiolitis in children in a subtropical setting. Thorax 76(4):360–369

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Milani GP, Cafora M, Favero C, Luganini A, Carugno M, Lenzi E et al (2022) PM2.5, PM10 and bronchiolitis severity: a cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 33(10):e13853

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Darrow LA, Klein M, Flanders WD, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE, Strickland MJ (2014) Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0–4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study. Am J Epidemiol 180(10):968–977

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Wang Y, Dong J, Wang J, Bao H, Zhai G (2022) Association between air pollution and emergency department visits for upper respiratory tract infection inLanzhou China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(19):28816–28828

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Erickson EN, Bhakta RT, Mendez MD. Pediatric Bronchiolitis. Updated 26 June 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519506/

Morita Y, Campos Alberto E, Suzuki S, Sato Y, Hoshioka A, Abe H et al (2017) Pranlukast reduces asthma exacerbations during autumn especially in 1- to 5-year-old boys. Asia Pac Allergy 7(1):10–18

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoeppner T, Borland M, Babl FE, Neutze J, Phillips N, Krieser D et al (2017) Influence of weather on incidence of bronchiolitis in Australia and New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health 53(10):1000–1006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wjst M, Reitmeir P, Dold S, Wulff A, Nicolai T, von Loeffelholz-Colberg EF, von Mutius E (1993) Road traffic and adverse effects on respiratory health in children. BMJ 307(6904):596–600

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

English P, Neutra R, Scalf R, Sullivan M, Waller L, Zhu L (1999) Examining associations between childhood asthma and traffic flow using a geographic information system. Environ Health Perspect 107(9):761–767

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ciccone G, Forastiere F, Agabiti N, Biggeri A, Bisanti L, Chellini E et al (1998) Road traffic and adverse respiratory effects in children SIDRIA Collaborative Group. Occup Environ Med 55(11):771–778

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smargiassi A, Kosatsky T, Hicks J, Plante C, Armstrong B, Villeneuve PJ, Goudreau S (2009) Risk of asthmatic episodes in children exposed to sulfur dioxide stack emissions from a refinery point source in Montreal Canada. Environ Health Perspect 117(4):653–659

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaffin JM, Hauptman M, Petty CR, Sheehan WJ, Lai PS, Wolfson JM et al (2018) Nitrogen dioxide exposure in school classrooms of inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 141(6):2249–55.e2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nicolai T (1999) Air pollution and respiratory disease in children: what is the clinically relevant impact? Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl 18:9–13

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan G, Zhang S, Feng Y, Takahashi K, Kagawa J, Yu L et al (2010) Air pollution and children’s respiratory symptoms in six cities of northern China. Respir Med 104(12):1903–1911

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ibrahim MF, Hod R, Ahmad Tajudin MAB, Wan Mahiyuddin WR, Mohammed Nawi A, Sahani M (2022) Children’s exposure to air pollution in a natural gas industrial area and their risk of hospital admission for respiratory diseases. Environ Res 210:112966

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mansourian M, Javanmard SH, Poursafa P, Kelishadi R (2010) Air pollution and hospitalization for respiratory diseases among children in Isfahan. Iran Ghana Med J 44(4):138–143

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ranzi A, Porta D, Badaloni C, Cesaroni G, Lauriola P, Davoli M, Forastiere F (2014) Exposure to air pollution and respiratory symptoms during the first 7 years of life in an Italian birth cohort. Occup Environ Med 71(6):430–436

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gruzieva O, Bergström A, Hulchiy O, Kull I, Lind T, Melén E et al (2013) Exposure to air pollution from traffic and childhood asthma until 12 years of age. Epidemiology 24(1):54–61

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glencross DA, Ho T-R, Camiña N, Hawrylowicz CM, Pfeffer PE (2020) Air pollution and its effects on the immune system. Free Radical Biol Med 151:56–68

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hajat S, Haines A, Goubet SA, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR (1999) Association of air pollution with daily GP consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory conditions in London. Thorax 54(7):597–605

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shima M, Adachi M (2000) Effect of outdoor and indoor nitrogen dioxide on respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren. Int J Epidemiol 29(5):862–870

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gehring U, Wijga AH, Brauer M, Fischer P, de Jongste JC, Kerkhof M et al (2010) Traffic-related air pollution and the development of asthma and allergies during the first 8 years of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181(6):596–603

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jung KH, Hsu S-I, Yan B, Moors K, Chillrud SN, Ross J et al (2012) Childhood exposure to fine particulate matter and black carbon and the development of new wheeze between ages 5 and 7 in an urban prospective cohort. Environ Int 45:44–50

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central