Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, Baker-Smith CM, Beaton AZ, Boehme AK, Buxton AE, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation. 2023;147:e93–621. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001123.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang CY, Wang JY, Teng NC, Chao TT, Tsai SL, Chen CL, Hsu JY, Wu CP, Lai CC, Chen L. The secular trends in the incidence rate and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Taiwan–a nationwide population-based study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0122675. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122675.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moulaert VR, Verbunt JA, van Heugten CM, Wade DT. Cognitive impairments in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2009;80:297–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.10.034.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cronberg T, Greer DM, Lilja G, Moulaert V, Swindell P, Rossetti AO. Brain injury after cardiac arrest: from prognostication of comatose patients to rehabilitation. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:611–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30117-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabanas JG, Donnino MW, Drennan IR, Hirsch KG, Kudenchuk PJ, Kurz MC, Lavonas EJ, Morley PT, et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 american heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020;142:S366–468. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000916.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A, Cronberg T, Moulaert VR, Deakin CD, Bottiger BW, Friberg H, Sunde K, Sandroni C, et al. European resuscitation council and European society of intensive care medicine 2015 guidelines for post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:2039–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-4051-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Callaway CW, Donnino MW, Fink EL, Geocadin RG, Golan E, Kern KB, Leary M, Meurer WJ, Peberdy MA, Thompson TM, Zimmerman JL. Part 8: Post-cardiac arrest care: 2015 American heart association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015;132:S465-482. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000262.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wihersaari L, Ashton NJ, Reinikainen M, Jakkula P, Pettila V, Hastbacka J, Tiainen M, Loisa P, Friberg H, Cronberg T, et al. Neurofilament light as an outcome predictor after cardiac arrest: a post hoc analysis of the COMACARE trial. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06218-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klitholm M, Norgaard Jeppesen A, Christensen S, Parkner T, Tybirk L, Kirkegaard H, Sandfeld-Paulsen B, Morten GA. Neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein as early prognostic biomarkers after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109983.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiberg S, Hassager C, Stammet P, Winther-Jensen M, Thomsen JH, Erlinge D, Wanscher M, Nielsen N, Pellis T, Aneman A, et al. Single versus serial measurements of neuron-specific enolase and prediction of poor neurological outcome in persistently unconscious patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest—A TTM-trial substudy. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0168894. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168894.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Cacciola S, Hoedemaekers CWE, Westhall E, Kamps MJA, Taccone FS, Poole D, Meijer FJA, Antonelli M, et al. Prediction of good neurological outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48:389–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-022-06618-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Nielsen N, Blennow K, Dankiewicz J, Friberg H, Lilja G, Insel PS, Rylander C, Stammet P, et al. Serum tau and neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol. 2017;82:665–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25067.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Humaloja J, Lahde M, Ashton NJ, Reinikainen M, Hastbacka J, Jakkula P, Friberg H, Cronberg T, Pettila V, Blennow K, et al. GFAp and tau protein as predictors of neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a post hoc analysis of the COMACARE trial. Resuscitation. 2022;170:141–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.11.033.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lagebrant A, Lang M, Nielsen N, Blennow K, Dankiewicz J, Friberg H, Hassager C, Horn J, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper MA, et al. Brain injury markers in blood predict signs of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy on head computed tomography after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2023;184: 109668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.12.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Randall J, Mortberg E, Provuncher GK, Fournier DR, Duffy DC, Rubertsson S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Wilson DH. Tau proteins in serum predict neurological outcome after hypoxic brain injury from cardiac arrest: results of a pilot study. Resuscitation. 2013;84:351–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.07.027.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Götz J, Xia D, Leinenga G, Chew YL, Nicholas HR. What renders TAU toxic. Front Neurol. 2013;10(4):72.

Google Scholar 

Ashton NJ, Moseby-Knappe M, Benedet AL, Grotschel L, Lantero-Rodriguez J, Karikari TK, Hassager C, Wise MP, Stammet P, Kjaergaard J, et al. Alzheimer disease blood biomarkers in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80:388–96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.0050.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Becker LB, Aufderheide TP, Geocadin RG, Callaway CW, Lazar RM, Donnino MW, Nadkarni VM, Abella BS, Adrie C, Berg RA, et al. Primary outcomes for resuscitation science studies: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;124:2158–77. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182340239.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Idris AH, Bierens J, Perkins GD, Wenzel V, Nadkarni V, Morley P, Warner DS, Topjian A, Venema AM, Branche CM, et al. Revised utstein-style recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning-related resuscitation: an ILCOR advisory statement. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015;2017:10. https://doi.org/10.1161/HCQ.0000000000000024.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tsai MS, Chen WJ, Chen WT, Tien YT, Chang WT, Ong HN, Huang CH. Should we prolong the observation period for neurological recovery after cardiac arrest? Crit Care Med. 2022;50:389–97. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000005264.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin JJ, Huang CH, Chien YS, Hsu CH, Chiu WT, Wu CH, Wang CH, Tsai MS. The differences of CPR duration between shockable and nonshockable rhythms in predicting the benefit of target temperature management. Shock. 2022;57:652–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000001904.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Na MK, Kim W, Lim TH, Jang B, Cho Y, Choi KS, Shin HG, Ahn C, Lee J, Kim JG. Gray matter to white matter ratio for predicting neurological outcomes in patients treated with target temperature management after cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2018;132:21–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.08.024.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mortberg E, Zetterberg H, Nordmark J, Blennow K, Catry C, Decraemer H, Vanmechelen E, Rubertsson S. Plasma tau protein in comatose patients after cardiac arrest treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55:1132–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02505.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoiland RL, Rikhraj KJK, Thiara S, Fordyce C, Kramer AH, Skrifvars MB, Wellington CL, Griesdale DE, Fergusson NA, Sekhon MS. Neurologic prognostication after cardiac arrest using brain biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79:390–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.5598.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee BK, Callaway CW, Coppler PJ, Rittenberger JC. The prognostic performance of brain ventricular characteristic differ according to sex, age, and time after cardiac arrest in comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors. Resuscitation. 2020;1(154):69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.05.031.

Article  Google Scholar 

Annoni F, Dell’Anna AM, Franchi F, Creteur J, Scolletta S, Vincent JL, Taccone FS. The impact of diastolic blood pressure values on the neurological outcome of cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2018;130:167–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.07.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chi CY, Tsai MS, Kuo LK, Hsu HH, Huang WC, Lai CH, Chang HC, Tsai CL, Huang CH. Post-resuscitation diastolic blood pressure is a prognostic factor for outcomes of cardiac arrest patients: a multicenter retrospective registry-based analysis. J Intensive Care. 2022;10:39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-022-00631-6.