Lovic D, Piperidou A, Zografou I, Grassos H, Pittaras A, Manolis A (2020) The growing epidemic of diabetes mellitus. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 18:104–109

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clement S (2019) Medical management of the diabetic patient. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 36:349–354

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogurtsova K, Guariguata L, Barengo NC, Ruiz PL, Sacre JW, Karuranga S, Sun H, Boyko EJ, Magliano DJ (2022) IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 183:109118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kohsaka S, Morita N, Okami S, Kidani Y, Yajima T (2021) Current trends in diabetes mellitus database research in Japan. Diabetes Obes Metab 23(Suppl. 2):3–18

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morikawa T, Ninomiya K, Tanabe G, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O (2021) A review of antidiabetic active thiosugar sulfoniums, salacinol and neokotalanol, from plants of the genus Salacia. J Nat Med 75:449–466

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kimura T, Nakagawa K, Kubota H, Kojima Y, Goto Y, Yamagishi K, Oita S, Oikawa S, Miyazawa T (2007) Food-grade mulberry powder enriched with 1-deoxynojirimycin suppresses the elevation of postprandial blood glucose in humans. J Agric Food Chem 55:5869–5874

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miura T, Takagi S, Ishida T (2012) Management of diabetes and its complications with banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) and corosolic acid. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:871495

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Devangan S, Varghese B, Johny E, Gurram S, Adela R (2021) The effect of Gymnema sylvestre supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 35:6802–6812

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fiona SA, Kaye FP, Jennie CBM (2008) International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values. Diabetes Care 31:2281–2283

Article  Google Scholar 

Ceriello A, Esposito K, Piconi L, Ihnat M, Thorpe J, Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Giugliano D (2008) Glucose “peak” and glucose “spike”: Impact on endothelial function and oxidative stress. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 82:262–267

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han HY, Lee HE, Kim HJ, Jeong SH, Kim JH, Kim H, Ryu MH (2016) Kochia scoparia induces apoptosis of oral cancer cells in vitro and in heterotopic tumors. J Ethnopharmacol 192:431–441

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zou W, Tang Z, Long Y, Xiao Z, Ouyang B, Liu M (2021) Kochiae fructus, a fruit of common potherb Kochia scoparia (L.) schrad: a review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, quality control, and pharmacokinetics. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021:5382684

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yoshikawa M, Shimada H, Morikawa T, Yoshizumi S, Matsumura N, Murakami T, Matsuda H, Hori K, Yamahara J (1997) Medicinal foodstuffs. VII. On the saponin constituents with glucose and alcohol absorption-inhibitory activity from a food garnish “Tonburi”, the fruit of Japanese Kochia scoparia (L.) SCHRAD.: structures of scoparianosides A, B, and C. Chem Pharm Bull 45:1300–1305

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Matsuda H, Li Y, Yamahara J, Yoshikawa M (1999) Inhibition of gastric emptying by triterpene saponin, momordin Ic, in mice: roles of blood glucose, capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, and central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:729–734

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsuda H, Li Y, Murakami T, Matsumura N, Yamahara J, Yoshikawa M (1998) Antidiabetic principles of natural medicines. III. structure-related inhibitory activity and action mode of oleanolic acid glycosides on hypoglycemic activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 46:1399–1403

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Nakamura S, Muraoka O, Yoshikawa M (2023) New biofunctional effects of oleanane-type triterpene saponins. J Nat Med 77:644–664

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takara T, Suzuki N, Yamamoto K, Iio S, Kakinuma T, Baba A, Noguchi H, Yamada W, Hirano M, Yoneda A, Nagata M, Shimoda H (2023) Hypoglycemic effects of VegCaviar™ standardized with momordin Ic on the oral glucose tolerance test in healthy Japanese subjects. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 51:1763–1770

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zou W, Tang Z, Long Y, Xiao Z, Ouyang B, Liu M (2021) Kochiae fructus, the fruit of common potherb Kochia scoparia (L.) schrad: a review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, quality control, and pharmacokinetics. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 20:5382684

Google Scholar 

Ganjayi MS, Karunakaran RS, Gandham S, Meriga B (2023) Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside from Moringa oleifera downregulates adipogenesis and lipid accumulation and improves glucose uptake by activation of AMPK/Glut-4 in 3T3-L1 cells. Rev Bras Farmacogn 33:334–343

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anhê GF, Okamoto MM, Kinote A, Sollon C, Lellis-Santos C, Anhê FF, Lima GA, Hirabara SM, Velloso LA, Bordin S, Machado UF (2012) Quercetin decreases inflammatory response and increases insulin action in skeletal muscle of ob/ob mice and in L6 myotubes. Eur J Pharmacol 689:285–293

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eid HM, Nachar A, Thong F, Sweeney G, Haddad PS (2015) The molecular basis of the antidiabetic action of quercetin in cultured skeletal muscle cells and hepatocytes. Pharmacogn Mag 11:74–81

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei L, Singh R, Ha SE, Martin AM, Jones LA, Jin B, Jorgensen BG, Zogg H, Chervo T, Gottfried-Blackmore A, Nguyen L, Habtezion A, Spencer NJ, Keating DJ, Sanders KM, Ro S (2021) Serotonin deficiency is associated with delayed gastric emptying. Gastroenterology 160:2451–2466

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones LA, Sun EW, Martin AM, Keating DJ (2020) The ever-changing roles of serotonin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 125:105776

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drucker DJ (2018) Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab 27:740–756

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Hu MY, Zhang M, Li F, Li J, Zhang J, Li Y, Guo HF, Xu P, Liu L, Liu XD (2014) Association of GLP-1 secretion with anti-hyperlipidemic effect of ginsenosides in high-fat diet fed rats. Metabolism 63:1342–1351

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang LY, Cheng KC, Li Y, Niu CS, Cheng JT, Niu HS (2017) Glycyrrhizic acid increases glucagon like peptide-1 secretion via TGR5 activation in type 1-like diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 95:599–604

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Srinuanchai W, Nooin R, Pitchakarn P, Karinchai J, Suttisansanee U, Chansriniyom C, Jarussophon S, Temviriyanukul P, Nuchuchua O (2021) Inhibitory effects of Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) decne leaf extracts and its triterpene saponin on carbohydrate digestion and intestinal glucose absorption. J Ethnopharmacol 266:113398

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimizu K, Ozeki M, Iino A, Nakajyo S, Urakawa N, Atsuchi M (2001) Structure-activity relationships of triterpenoid derivatives extracted from Gymnema inodorum leaves on glucose absorption. Jpn J Pharmacol 86:223–229

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang CW, Huang YC, Chan FN, Su SC, Kuo YH, Huang SF, Hung MW, Lin HC, Chang WL, Chang TC (2015) A gut microbial metabolite of ginsenosides, compound K, induces intestinal glucose absorption and Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 gene expression through activation of cAMP response element binding protein. Mol Nutr Food Res 59:670–684

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sala-Rabanal M, Ghezzi C, Hirayama BA, Kepe V, Liu J, Barrio JR, Wright EM (2018) Intestinal absorption of glucose in mice as determined by positron emission tomography. J Physiol 596:2473–2489

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kawamura N, Watanabe H, Oshio H (1988) Saponins from roots of momordica cochinchinensis. Phytochem 27:3585–3591