aDepartment of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD;

bDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA;

cDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;

dDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;

eDepartment of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta;

fMid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, MD;

gDepartment of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA;

hDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT;

iDepartment of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL;

jDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD;

kDepartment of Epidemiology & Population Health; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA;

lDepartment of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN;

mDepartments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and

nDepartment of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA.

Correspondence to: Michael J. Silverberg, PhD, MPH, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 4480 Hacienda Drive, Building B, Pleasanton, CA 94588 (e-mail: [email protected]).

The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants U01AI069918, F31AI124794, F31DA037788, G12MD007583, K01AI093197, K01AI131895, K23EY013707, K24AI065298, K24AI118591, K24DA000432, KL2TR000421, N01CP01004, N02CP055504, N02CP91027, P30AI027757, P30AI027763, P30AI027767, P30AI036219, P30AI050409, P30AI050410, P30AI094189, P30AI110527, P30MH62246, R01AA016893, R01DA011602, R01DA012568, R01AG053100, R24AI067039, R34DA045592, R01CA165937, U01AA013566, U01AA020790, U01AI038855, U01AI038858, U01AI068634, U01AI068636, U01AI069432, U01AI069434, U01DA036297, U01DA036935, U10EY008057, U10EY008052, U10EY008067, U01HL146192, U01HL146193, U01HL146194, U01HL146201, U01HL146202, U01HL146203, U01HL146204, U01HL146205, U01HL146208, U01HL146240, U01HL146241, U01HL146242, U01HL146245, U01HL146333, U24AA020794, U54GM133807, UL1RR024131, UL1TR000004, UL1TR000083, UL1TR002378, Z01CP010214, and Z01CP010176; contracts CDC-200-2006-18797 and CDC-200-2015-63931 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA; contract 90047713 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, USA; contract 90051652 from the Health Resources and Services Administration, USA; the Grady Health System; grants CBR-86906, CBR-94036, HCP-97105, and TGF-96118 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, and the Government of Alberta, Canada. Additional support was provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). These data were collected by cancer registries participating in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

K.N.A. serves on the advisory board for TrioHealth. M.J.G. has received honoraria as an ad hoc member of the Canadian National HIV Advisory Boards to Merck Gilead and ViiV.

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